THERAPEUTIC AND DIAGNOSTIC FACTORS AS RELATED TO CANCER RISK

探讨了各种医源性癌症原因，主要是 强调口服避孕药和更年期激素的作用。 口服避孕药易患早发性乳腺癌 癌症，特别是在瘦女性和那些高水平的 酒精消费。 在瑞典的一项记录关联研究中， 发现雌激素的使用可降低12种主要原因的死亡率 死亡之 具体的分析考虑了雌激素的类型， 是和一种维生素一起使用的。 还编写了一篇社论， 乳腺癌的风险与其他治疗的益处 这些疾病包括心血管疾病和骨质疏松症。 在一个大 随访研究中，口服避孕药和更年期激素 与结直肠癌风险有关。 其他医疗器械 还评估了与几个癌症部位的关系。 使用 宫内节育器，特别是惰性的，似乎减少了 子宫内膜癌的风险。 接近完成是一个大的后续行动 对接受隆乳手术的大量妇女的研究 乳房成形术，以评估暴露于 硅胶。 为了准备评估癌症风险， 关于这一专题的现有文献已经完成。 类似的回顾 正在对妇女进行不孕症评估和治疗。 的 特别感兴趣的是与卵巢癌相关的风险， 排卵刺激药物和生殖相关的癌症， 不同类型的不孕症，包括那些由于荷尔蒙问题。 癌症风险也被评估与不同类型的 手术和疾病。 接受双侧卵巢切除术的妇女 发现年轻人患乳腺癌的风险较低， 而那些扁桃体切除术，特别是在年轻的时候， 霍奇金病的高风险。 原发性血色病被发现是 是导致肝癌的重要危险因素

A variety of iatrogenic causes of cancer were explored, with major emphasis on the effects of oral contraceptives and menopausal hormones. Oral contraceptives were found to predispose to early-onset breast cancers, particularly among thin women and those with high levels of alcohol consumption. In a record-linkage study in Sweden, menopausal estrogen use was found to lead to reduced mortality for 12 major causes of death. Specific analyses considered type of estrogen and whether it was used with a progestin. An editorial was also prepared which weighed hormone-related risks of breast cancer against benefits for other diseases, including cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. In a large follow up study, oral contraceptives and menopausal hormones were not found to be related to colorectal cancer risk. Other medical devices were also evaluated in relation to several cancer sites. Use of intrauterine devices, particularly inert ones, appeared to reduce the risk of endometrial cancer. Nearing completion is a large follow up study of a large number of women having received augmentation mammoplasties to assess the long-term health effects of exposure to silicone. In preparation for assessing cancer risks, a review of available literature on the topic was completed. A similar retrospective study of women evaluated and treated for infertility is underway. Of particular interest will be the risk of ovarian cancer related to ovulation stimulating drugs and of hormonally-related cancers following different types of infertility, including those due to hormonal problems. Cancer risk has also been evaluated in relation to different types of operations and diseases. Women undergoing bilateral oophorectomies at young ages were found to have low risks of subsequent breast cancer, while those with tonsillectomies, particularly at young ages, were at a high risk of Hodgkin's disease. Primary hemochromatosis was found to be a significant risk factor for subsequent liver cancer.