Air-Sea Interaction and Sea-spray in Typhoons (ASIST)

台风中的海气相互作用和海浪喷射 (ASIST)

• 批准号: NE/H004238/1
• 负责人: Ian Brooks
• 金额: $ 47.39万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2010
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2010 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FH004238%2F1
• 关键词: Air; Sea; Interaction; spray; Typhoons

The exchange of heat and moisture between the ocean and atmosphere depends upon turbulent mixing in the lower atmosphere; this depends strongly on the wind speed. At very high wind speeds the sea surface becomes dominated by breaking waves, whitecaps, and sea spray. The water droplets lofted into the lower atmosphere by turbulent air motions will undergo two interactions with the air around them. First, if they are at a different temperature from the air, they will cool or warm until their temperature matches that of the air; secondly, they will start to evaporate, contributing water vapour to the air. Evaporation requires energy, which is obtained initially by a cooling of the droplet, and then a transfer of heat from the air to the droplet. The net result of these processes is a transfer of heat and moisture between ocean and air at some altitude above the surface. The simplified mathematical descriptions of of heat and moisture exchange used within weather forecast and climate models assume that all the heat and moisture exchange takes place at the surface, thus they may provide the wrong values at high wind speeds. The difficulty of making appropriate measurements under severe storm conditions at sea means that there are very few measurements available with which to evaluate whether the spray generated actually has a significant impact or not. Theoretical studies disagree strongly about the importance of the effect. In this study we will instrument autonomous buoys, specifically designed to operate in extreme conditions, to measure the turbulent exchange of heat, moisture, momentum, and sea-spray between the atmosphere and ocean, along measurements of wave state, turbulence in the surface layer of the ocean, the extent of wave breaking, and mean conditions in the surface layers of the ocean and atmosphere. The data obtained will be used to evaluate the air-sea exchange, and determine the contribution of the sea spray to the total exchange of heat and moisture. The measurements will also be used to better define the rate of sea-spray aerosol generation under high winds, and the influence of wave state on the production rate, both of which are poorly defined. Improving understanding of air-sea interaction is particularly important for high wind conditions, because the development and track of severe storms - hurricanes and typhoons - is critically dependent on the heat and moisture input and frictional drag at the surface. This study will ultimately lead to improved prediction of severe tropical storms. The study will be carried out in close collaboration with the University of Miami, Florida, who operate the buoys from which the measurements will be made. The buoys will be deployed in the East/South China Sea in June 2010 and recovered during October 2010.

海洋和大气之间的热量和水分交换取决于低层大气中的湍流混合；这在很大程度上取决于风速。当风速很高时，海面被破碎的海浪、白浪和海浪所主宰。通过湍流运动进入低层大气的水滴将与周围的空气发生两次相互作用。首先，如果它们与空气的温度不同，它们会变冷或变暖，直到它们的温度与空气的温度相匹配；其次，它们会开始蒸发，向空气中贡献水蒸气。蒸发需要能量，最初通过冷却液滴获得能量，然后将热量从空气转移到液滴。这些过程的最终结果是在海面上方某个高度的海洋和空气之间进行热量和水分的转移。天气预报和气候模式中使用的热量和水分交换的简化数学描述假设所有的热量和水分交换都发生在地表，因此在高风速时它们可能提供错误的值。在海上严重的风暴条件下进行适当的测量是困难的，这意味着可以用来评估所产生的喷雾是否实际产生重大影响的测量非常少。关于这一效应的重要性，理论研究存在很大分歧。在这项研究中，我们将测量自主浮标，特别是为在极端条件下工作而设计的，以测量大气和海洋之间的热量、水分、动量和海雾的湍流交换，以及对海洋和大气表层的波浪状态、湍流、波浪破碎程度和平均条件的测量。得到的数据将被用来评估海-气交换，并确定海雾对总热量和水汽交换的贡献。这些测量还将被用来更好地定义大风下海雾气溶胶的生成率，以及波浪状态对生成率的影响，这两项定义都很差。加强对海气相互作用的了解对于大风条件尤为重要，因为严重风暴--飓风和台风--的发展和路径严重依赖于地面的热量和水分输入以及摩擦阻力。这项研究最终将改进对强热带风暴的预测。这项研究将与佛罗里达迈阿密大学密切合作进行，该大学负责操作浮标进行测量。浮标将于2010年6月部署在东/南中国海，并于2010年10月收回。

项目成果

: air_sea measurements from moored surface buoys in the pacific during the 2010 typhoon season

：2010 年台风季节期间太平洋停泊表面浮标的air_sea 测量结果

• 作者: Neil Williams (Author)

The effect of hygroscopicity on eddy covariance estimates of sea-spray aerosol fluxes: a comparison of high-rate and bulk correction methods

吸湿性对海喷雾气溶胶通量涡流协方差估计的影响：高速校正方法和批量校正方法的比较

• DOI: 10.5194/amt-6-323-2013
• 发表时间: 2013
• 期刊: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques
• 影响因子: 3.8
• 作者: Sproson D

A wave roughness Reynolds number parameterization of the sea spray source flux

• DOI: 10.1002/grl.50795
• 发表时间: 2013-08
• 期刊: Geophysical Research Letters
• 影响因子: 5.2
• 作者: S. Norris;I. Brooks;D. Salisbury