Seismic Cities

地震城市

• 批准号: NE/P015964/1
• 负责人: John Elliott
• 金额: $ 22.36万
• 依托单位: University of Leeds
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=NE%2FP015964%2F1
• 关键词: Seismic; Cities

Over 50 capital cities of the Least Developed Countries in the world lie on top of faults in regions that are building up significant stresses within the crust. This continually growing stress will eventually lead to future earthquakes. Earthquakes are a natural hazard that are killing an increasing number of people, in part because populations are growing and densifying into urban centres. The recurrence time between earthquakes may be hundreds of years; many cities that are large today were small towns or non-existent in the past when the last big earthquake struck. There is often little social and community memory and first-hand experience of these previous events. Furthermore, urban development in the intervening years has often hidden the expressions of the active earthquake faults beneath and around a city, making them harder to identify today. In the Least Developed Countries, the impact of earthquakes on people's lives and livelihoods is much greater due to the vulnerability of buildings and communities.A major challenge has been to ensure that the mitigation of earthquake risk is a high priority in vulnerable cities, where earthquakes rarely occur but are devastating when they do. This is particularly difficult in cities in the least developed countries, where building earthquake resilience has to be balanced against other economic & social pressures facing cities & their development. We will develop a blueprint for the concept of "Seismic Cities", which we believe will be a powerful approach for raising awareness of the devastating potential of earthquakes in cities & for making them more sustainable & resilient to such shocks. This will be a biennial workshop & event that will bring together a range of stakeholders to target communities vulnerable to seismic hazard, and to develop more sustainable cities that can better cope with future environmental shocks from earthquakes. This will build on an existing successful concept of Cities On Volcanoes-a biennial conference and series of workshops that aims to reduce the impacts of volcanism & its effects on society by understanding volcanic phenomena, recognising the hazards & their impacts on people, emergency management, community education, case histories & risk mitigation.In order to test the effectiveness of our methodological approaches, as well as help develop the Seismic Cities concept, we will target a large city that has recently experience major earthquakes-Santiago in Chile. We will conduct interviews & focus groups with communities in the city to explore their own perceptions of risk & coping strategies. We will also document these experiences through story-telling & sensory mapping of the built environment, & create a virtual archive of these to which the community can add. Through co-production methods such as focus groups, walking trails, mobile interviewing, live projections & tours of both historic & contemporary urban sites, valuable data on the effects of earthquakes & their potential danger will be gathered. We will use satellite imagery to construct a 3D model of the built environment & highlight active fault structures within the city, integrating this with the community resources to better communicate the findings derived from the scientific data. The strategies to best prepare & protect the community can be embedded as community members become responsible for mapping & curating their own lived environments.The long-term (20-year) aim is to raise resilience to earthquake hazard across the whole world to the standards of the US, New Zealand & Japan. This is particularly challenging for many ODA-Recipient countries, where awareness of the threat from earthquakes may be low, & where increasing resilience to earthquake hazard may be a low priority. We envisage Seismic Cities as a flagship, high-profile event that significantly raises awareness in the host city, among both professionals & the public, drawing focus & resources to that city.

世界上最不发达国家的50多个首都城市位于地壳内正在积聚巨大应力的地区的断层之上。这种不断增长的压力最终会导致未来的地震。地震是一种自然灾害，造成越来越多的人死亡，部分原因是人口不断增长，并向城市中心密集。地震之间的重复时间可能是数百年;许多今天的大城市在上一次大地震发生时是小城镇或不存在的。社会和社区对这些以前的事件往往没有多少记忆和第一手经验。此外，在这期间的城市发展往往掩盖了城市之下和周围的活动地震断层的表现，使他们更难识别今天。在最不发达国家，由于建筑物和社区的脆弱性，地震对人们生活和生计的影响要大得多。一个主要挑战是确保减轻地震风险是脆弱城市的高度优先事项，这些城市很少发生地震，但一旦发生，地震是毁灭性的。这在最不发达国家的城市中尤其困难，因为在这些国家，必须在建设地震抗灾能力的同时兼顾城市及其发展所面临的其他经济和社会压力。我们将为“地震城市”的概念制定一个蓝图，我们相信这将是一个强有力的方法，可以提高人们对地震在城市中的破坏性潜力的认识，并使城市更具可持续性和抵御此类冲击的能力。这将是一个两年一次的研讨会和活动，将汇集一系列利益攸关方，以针对易受地震危害的社区，并发展更可持续的城市，以更好地科普未来地震造成的环境冲击。这将建立在现有的火山上的城市的成功概念-一个两年一次的会议和一系列的研讨会，旨在减少火山活动的影响及其对社会的影响，通过了解火山现象，认识危险及其对人的影响，应急管理，社区教育，案例历史和风险缓解。为了测试我们的方法的有效性，除了帮助开发地震城市概念外，我们还将把目标锁定在最近经历过大地震的一个大城市--智利的圣地亚哥。我们将与城市的社区进行访谈和焦点小组讨论，以探索他们对风险和应对策略的看法。我们还将通过讲述故事和感知建筑环境的地图来记录这些经验，并创建一个社区可以添加的虚拟档案。通过焦点小组，步行道，移动的采访，现场投影和历史和当代城市遗址的图尔斯之旅等联合制作方法，将收集有关地震影响及其潜在危险的宝贵数据。我们将使用卫星图像构建建筑环境的3D模型，并突出城市内的活动断层结构，将其与社区资源相结合，以更好地传达从科学数据中得出的发现。当社区成员负责绘制和管理他们自己的生活环境时，可以嵌入最好的准备和保护社区的策略。长期（20年）目标是将全世界的地震灾害恢复能力提高到美国，新西兰和日本的标准。这对许多ODA-100国家来说尤其具有挑战性，因为这些国家对地震威胁的认识可能较低，提高对地震灾害的复原力可能不是优先事项。我们设想地震城市作为一个旗舰，高调的事件，大大提高了在主办城市的认识，在专业人士和公众，吸引重点和资源，该城市。

项目成果

Contrasting seismic risk for Santiago, Chile, from near-field and distant earthquake sources

智利圣地亚哥近场和远距离震源的地震风险对比

• DOI: 10.5194/nhess-2019-30
• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Hussain E

Experiences and perceptions of natural hazards among international migrants living in Valparaiso, Chile

居住在智利瓦尔帕莱索的国际移民对自然灾害的经历和看法

• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.11.010
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Bernales M