CONTEXT EFFECTS IN THE PERCEPTION OF SENSORY MAGNITUDE

描述(来自申请表)：“感官判断受 刺激背景下的各种众所周知的影响。例如，一个解决方案 浓度为0.1M的氯化钠的浓度可能与 NAC浓度较低，但在#年的情况下为“弱” 更大的。 人们普遍认为，知觉背后的感觉加工 0.1M氯化钠在两种情况下是相同的，只是判断 改变。但并不是所有的语境影响都必然反映出 一个人的判断。具有特殊理论意义的新发现 不同的语境效应。在这里，对一种刺激的反应可以 与对另一种刺激的反应明显相关。为 例如，将较强的氯化钠溶液与较弱的氯化钠溶液 蔗糖溶液使盐的味道变得更淡；点缀着强烈的高- 高音和较弱的低音构成了高音 听起来更柔和。相当多的证据表明，尽管没有证明， 这些不同的语境效应很大程度上反映了感官的变化，而不是 评判性偏见。这项拟议的研究是以以下假设为指导的 不同的语境效应类似于感觉上的“适应”或 “疲劳”是由长时间的强烈刺激引起的，但依赖于 不同的潜在机制。为了验证这一假设，实验将 首先，试图通过分离感官和感官来证明这种影响是感官的 决策过程。这将通过测量响应速度和 精确度。 然后，实验将比较相对阈值和阈值上 短暂性刺激与长时间刺激后的反应 以检验假设，与适应不同的是 延长强烈刺激，区分语境所产生的小 短暂刺激的数量(A)涉及中枢神经过程；(B) 阈值小于阈值以上水平；(C)显示成比例 感觉的减弱，而适应则显示出类似招募的增长 以及(D)施加特定于所述结构的效果 暴露和测试刺激的共同属性。这些实验将 用几种方式考察不同的语境效应：味觉、听觉 (响度)、触觉(振动)和视觉(感知长度)。 不同的语境效应似乎是广泛而有力的感觉 现象，尽管这些现象以前几乎没有得到承认； 因此，描述潜在的机制是 了解基本的感觉过程。

DESCRIPTION (From the application): "Sensory judgements are subject to various well-known effects of stimulus context. For instance, a solution of sodium chloride at 0.1 M concentration may be related as "strong" in the context of NaC of lower concentrations but as "weak" in the context of greater ones. It is widely assumed that the sensory processing underlying the perception of the 0.1 M NACl is the same in both situations, only that the judgement changes. But not all effects of context necessarily reflect processes of judgement alone. Of special theoretical importance are newly-discovered differential context effects. Here, responses to one kind of stimulus can marked markedly relative to responses to another kind of stimulus. For example, interspersing strong sodium chloride solutions with weaker sucrose solutions make the salt taste weaker; interspersing intense high- pitched tones and weaker low-pitched tones makes the high-pitched tones sound softer. Considerable evidence suggests, though does not prove, that these differential context effects largely reflect sensory changes and not judgmental bias. The proposed research is guided by the hypothesis that differential context effects resemble the sensory "adaptation" or "fatigue" produced by prolonged intense stimulation but depend on a distinct underlying mechanism. To test this hypothesis, experiments will first seek to show that the effects are sensory by decoupling sensory and decisional processes. This will be done by measuring response speed and accuracy. Then, experiments will compare relative threshold and suprathreshold responses after exposure to transient versus long-duration stimuli in order to test the hypotheses that, unlike adaptation produced by prolongation intense stimulation, differential context produced by a small number of brief stimulations (a) involve central neural processes; (b) are smaller at threshold than at suprathreshold levels; (c) show proportional attenuation of sensation whereas adaptation shows recruitment-like growth of sensation magnitude; and (d) exert effects specific to the configural properties common to the exposure and test stimuli. These experiments will examine differential context effects in several modalities: taste, hearing (loudness), touch (vibrotaction), and vision (perceived lengths). Differential context effects appear to be widespread and potent sensory phenomena, albeit ones that have receive little prior recognition; consequently, delineating the underlying mechanisms is central to understanding basic sensory processes."