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What is the role of urban morphology in agglomeration economies?

城市形态在集聚经济中的作用是什么？

基本信息

批准号：
1785989
负责人：
金额：
--
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Studentship
财政年份：
2016
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2016 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-1785989
关键词：
What role urban morphology agglomeration

项目摘要

There is increasing agreement that larger cities boost productivity and economic growth through offering greater 'agglomeration economies'. This thesis seeks to understand whether the size of cities is the only important factor in generating agglomeration economies, or whether the spatial organisation of cities may also play a role. In particular, the research explores how 'sharing, matching and learning' mechanisms (Duranton and Puga, 2003) work in cities, and how these are shaped by urban street networks. Here, 'sharing' includes the joint use of indivisible public goods, market places and supply chains; 'matching' includes complementary matches of skilled people in the labour market; while 'learning' includes the spread of knowledge and new ways of doing things. While these mechanisms are widely recognised as being important to agglomeration economies, there is less understanding of how they work concretely in cities, and how they might be influenced by the built environment. Manchester in the UK has been chosen as a case study, with a particular focus on the textiles sector, which is concentrated in the city centre, and which is particularly productive compared with elsewhere in the UK. Analysing the spatial dimensions of agglomeration economies in cities such as Manchester is timely given the government's new industrial strategy. Further, UK cities have been gaining new powers to influence spatial design and infrastructure through devolution, and will benefit from understanding how such powers might influence future economic growth.There are three main research stages: - an analysis of data on industries and skills at a sub-city level in Manchester. This will enable a better understanding of how both industries, and people with different skills, spread themselves out across the urban fabric, and how this may facilitate or obstruct network formation - and hence agglomeration economies. This analysis will draw on 'industry space' mapping developed by Harvard Grown Lab, in addition to space syntax analysis. Industry space mapping goes beyond simply mapping economic diversity, to analyse how different industries are linked through shared skills sets and knowledge. - an ethnographic case study will be carried out to better understand the role of urban space in 'sharing, learning and matching' economies in the textiles industry in north Manchester. An additional case study in East London will serve as a comparator; - drawing on hypotheses developed through the ethnographic and city level research, the thesis will explore potential links between the spatial configuration of other global cities with productivity indicators, drawing on an existing set of space syntax maps, and the OECD Metropolitan Database.The thesis is novel in developing concrete research to explore the spatial aspects of agglomeration economies in cities. The thesis draws on two methodologies in particular - space syntax, and 'industry space mapping' and brings them together for the first time. This is also the first time that the 'industry space' model has been mapped spatially across a city. Further, while space syntax analysis has been previously used to analyse the influence of building design on innovation and knowledge sharing, a similar approach has not been made at the urban scale.This study contributes to the EPSRC remit to boost economic competitiveness in the UK, while also linking to the research theme of 'Manufacturing the Future', with its strong focus on the textiles industry.The research is being carried out in close contact with Frank Neffke at the Harvard Growth Lab, with John Holden and Rupert Greenlagh at Manchester New Economy, and with Rudiger Ahrend, Head of the OECD Urban Programme.

越来越多的人认为，大城市通过提供更大的“集聚经济”来促进生产率和经济增长。本文试图了解城市规模是否是产生集聚经济的唯一重要因素，或者城市的空间组织是否也可能发挥作用。该研究特别探讨了“共享、匹配和学习”机制（Duranton and Puga, 2003）如何在城市中发挥作用，以及这些机制如何受到城市街道网络的影响。在这里，“共享”包括共同使用不可分割的公共产品、市场和供应链；“匹配”包括劳动力市场上技术人员的互补匹配；而“学习”包括知识的传播和做事的新方法。虽然这些机制被广泛认为对集聚经济很重要，但人们对它们在城市中的具体运作方式以及它们如何受到建筑环境的影响却知之甚少。英国的曼彻斯特被选为案例研究，特别关注纺织行业，该行业集中在市中心，与英国其他地方相比，该行业的生产力特别高。考虑到政府的新产业战略，分析曼彻斯特等城市集聚经济的空间维度是及时的。此外，英国城市已经通过权力下放获得了影响空间设计和基础设施的新权力，并将从了解这些权力如何影响未来的经济增长中受益。主要有三个研究阶段：-分析曼彻斯特次级城市的行业和技能数据。这将使我们更好地理解这两个行业和拥有不同技能的人如何在城市结构中分散开来，以及这将如何促进或阻碍网络的形成——从而形成集聚经济。除了空间语法分析外，该分析还将利用哈佛大学种植实验室开发的“工业空间”映射。产业空间映射不仅仅是绘制经济多样性，还分析了不同行业如何通过共享的技能和知识联系在一起。-将开展一项人种学案例研究，以更好地了解曼彻斯特北部纺织业中城市空间在“共享、学习和匹配”经济中的作用。东伦敦的另一项个案研究将作为比较国；-根据民族志和城市层面研究提出的假设，本文将利用一套现有的空间句法图和经合组织都市数据库，探讨其他具有生产力指标的全球城市空间结构之间的潜在联系。本文的创新之处在于开展了具体的研究来探索城市集聚经济的空间层面。本文特别借鉴了两种方法——空间语法和“行业空间映射”，并首次将它们结合在一起。这也是“产业空间”模型第一次在整个城市的空间上进行映射。此外，虽然空间句法分析以前被用于分析建筑设计对创新和知识共享的影响，但在城市尺度上还没有采用类似的方法。这项研究有助于EPSRC提高英国的经济竞争力，同时也与“未来制造业”的研究主题相联系，其重点是纺织业。这项研究是在与哈佛增长实验室的Frank Neffke、曼彻斯特新经济的John Holden和Rupert Greenlagh以及经合组织城市项目负责人Rudiger Ahrend密切接触下进行的。