Blue Helmet Bureaucracy: Peacekeeping as Colonial Ambition, a Lesson in Governance, and the Exploitation of 'Humanitarianism'

本文试图通过研究前殖民大国在维和行动中的作用，揭示后殖民时代的动态如何影响过去50年的维和政治和实践。通过审查维持和平特派团的三个案例研究，该项目调查了军事人道主义或实地人员授权使用武力的作用在多大程度上受到帝国对人道主义和治理方法的理解的影响。通过这种方式，它将会问，通过联合国的维和政策，殖民延续在多大程度上蓬勃发展。通过考察多边和单边维和行动，该项目希望调查联合国(UN)和前殖民部队在多大程度上利用维和特派团继续推行国家建设和裙带关系政策。本项目探讨的案例研究将是：1.联合国刚果行动--联合国刚果维持和平特派团，1960年至19642。沙巴一世和沙巴二世--1977年至1977年，法国和比利时领导了对扎伊尔的干预。绿松石行动-法国领导的卢旺达维和行动，1994这个项目试图展示联合国建国意图的历史，以及“人道主义”的工具化，早在20世纪90年代就开始了。联合国在维和任务中利用和利用前殖民部队的知识和经验的权力(以授权的武力)是一个黑暗的历史领域，仍未得到探索。受援国和捐助国之间的关系和历史对于理解人道主义部队可以对平民施加的力量是内在的，因此，关于有罪不罚问题的讨论对于国际主义、殖民遗产和非国家行为者全球治理的发展趋势等更广泛的问题是多么重要。

This thesis seeks to uncover how post-colonial dynamics have influenced the politics and practice of peacekeeping over the last fifty years through investigating the role of former colonial powers in peacekeeping missions. By examining three case studies of peacekeeping missions this project investigates how far the role of military humanitarianism or authorised use of force by those on the ground was influenced by imperial understandings of humanitarianism and methods of governance. In this way, it will be asking how far colonial continuities thrived through the UN's peacekeeping policies. By looking at both multilateral and unilateral peacekeeping operations, this project hopes to investigate how far the United Nations (UN) and ex-colonial forces utilised peacekeeping missions to continue policies of state-building and clientelism. The case studies explored within this project will be:1. ONUC - The UN peacekeeping mission in the Congo, 1960-19642. Shaba I and II - The French and Belgian led intervention in Zaire, 1977-19783. Operation Turquoise - The French-led peacekeeping mission in Rwanda, 1994This project seeks to show that the history of the UN's state-building intentions, and the instrumentalisation of 'humanitarianism', started far before the 1990s. The power of the UN to utilise and harness (with authorised force) the knowledge and experience of ex-colonial forces in their peacekeeping missions is a dark area of history that remains unexplored. The relationship and history between the recipient and benefactor is intrinsic to understanding the power that humanitarian forces can exert over civilians - and therefore how crucial discussions of impunity are to broader questions of internationalism, colonial legacies and the developing trend of non-state actor global governance.