DEVELOPING THE THEORY OF PHONOLOGICAL PRACTICE

我们在项目一中的目标是发展我们关于“实用音系学”的理论观点，即公共语言使用的音系结构。该研究补充了项目II中关于言语的神经生物学基础的工作，并将为读者了解口语的基本元素提供阅读信息。语音语言的一个核心要求是传播者通常达到“对等”，即发送和接收的信息之间的充分对等关系。如果没有这个要求，语言的使用就不能起到沟通的作用。因为语言是一个进化的系统，平等的成就将被选择，因此，语音系统将促进平等的成就。奇偶培育系统是这样一种系统，在这种系统中，语言中用于使说话者的信息公开化的成分，即语音元素，本身就是公开化的东西。此外，它们在交换的所有阶段都是消息的元素；它们是由说话者计划的语音信息的元素，在声道中被执行并被感知。我们认为，手势（声道的语言意义上的行动）是语音的原始，保存在每一个阶段的口语交际事件。我们的研究旨在测试和进一步发展这些想法。我们建议发展我们的语音能力理论，发音音韵学，通过表明它可以深刻地解决作为音韵学理论测试案例的语音系统的种类。接下来，我们将展示发音音系的基础，手势，也是话语计划和产生的编码单位。第三，我们试图证明手势是感知语音结构的原始。我们最后的研究方向是解决音系结构在实际音系学中的两个中心功能。一是词汇规范；音位元素必须唯一地识别单词，将它们与其他单词区分开来。我们建议确定语音结构如何与语音感知中的词汇知识相互作用。第二个功能是社会认同。人们通过语音结构的特定语音实现来标记他们的社会关系。我们建议研究“手势漂移”，即说话者向周围语言社区的手势方言漂移。

Our aim in Project I is to develop our theoretical perspective on the "practical phonology", that is, on phonological structures of public language use. The research complements work on neurobiological foundations on speech in Project II and will inform on reading about the fundamental elements of the spoken language that readers access. A central requirement of phonological language is that communicators typically achieve "parity," a relation of sufficient equivalence between messages sent and received. Without this requirement, language use would not serve to communicate. Because language is an evolved system, parity achievement will have been selected for, and therefore, phonological systems will foster achievement of parity. A parity fostering system is one in which components of the language that serve to make a speaker's message public, that is, phonological elements, are themselves public things. In addition, they are elements of the message through all phases of an exchange; they are elements of the phonological message as planned by the speaker, as implemented in the vocal tract and as perceived. We propose that gestures (linguistically significant actions of the vocal tract) are the phonological primitives that are preserved in every phase of a spoken communicative event. Our research is designed to test and further develop these ideas. We propose to develop our theory of phonological competence, Articulatory Phonology, by showing that it can insightfully address the kinds of phonological systematicities that serve as test cases for phonological theories. Next we show that the primaries of Articulatory Phonology, gestures, are also units of encoding in utterance planning and production. Third, we attempt to show that gestures are the primitive of perceived phonological structure. Our final lines of research address two central functions of phonological structures in a practical phonology. One is lexical specification; phonological elements must uniquely identify words, distinguishing them from others. We propose to determine how phonological structure interacts with lexical knowledge in speech perception. The second function is social identification. People mark their social affiliations by their particular phonetic implementations of phonological structures. We propose to study "gestural drift", the drift of speakers toward the gestural dialect of the ambient speech community.