Access to blue/green space in healthcare settings or deprived communities to tackle health inequalities.

越来越多的证据表明，绿地有益于身心健康。研究表明，获得绿地与更好的健康结果相关，在人们能够获得绿地的地方，与收入相关的健康不平等不那么明显(PHE 2014)。获得高质量的绿地与一系列积极的健康结果相关，包括更好的自我评估健康；较低的身体质量指数得分、超重和肥胖水平；改善老年人的心理健康和福祉以及延长寿命(Bowler 2010)。生活在最贫困地区的人不太可能生活在最绿色的地区，因此与生活在最贫穷地区的人相比，获得绿色空间健康益处的机会更少。增加所有社会群体对高质量绿地的使用可能会改善健康结果，减少健康不平等。它还可以带来其他好处，如更大的社区凝聚力和更少的社会孤立。关于绿地的距离、数量和类型对具体的健康益处有影响，缺乏研究证据。2014年的PHE报告呼吁进行更多的研究，以更准确地调查获得绿地与改善健康结果之间的联系。重要的是，以前的许多研究没有考虑到不同社会群体在梯度上的健康公平影响。衡量平均用户数量或针对特定亚群，错失了通过集中精力改善所有人的提供、质量和可获得性来解决健康不平等问题的机会。过去对干预措施的评价也未能在较长一段时间内跟踪结果，过于依赖调查数据或自我报告的数据。需要更强有力的研究设计，在更长的一段时间内收集信息，并以更可靠的客观方式衡量结果，如体重减轻、看全科医生的次数、分钟数和体力活动强度。因此，研究结果中缺少增加使用的成本效益，因为没有可衡量的健康结果(PHE 2014)。有必要更好地了解工作场所和学校周围的绿地以及人们日常生活中花费大量时间的地方的影响。重要的是利用专家的知识和经验，他们可以评估复杂的公共卫生干预措施，以加深我们的理解。

There is significant and growing evidence on the physical and mental health benefits of green spaces. Research shows that access to green space is associated with better health outcomes and income-related inequality in health is less pronounced where people have access to green space (PHE 2014). Access to good quality green space is associated with a range of positive health outcomes including better self-rated health; lower body mass index scores, overweight and obesity levels; improved mental health and wellbeing and increased longevity in older people (Bowler 2010) Access to green space is not equal across the population of England. People living in the most deprived areas are less likely to live in the greenest areas, and will therefore have less opportunity to gain the health benefits of green space compared with people living in the least deprived areas. Increasing the use of good quality green space for all social groups is likely to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequalities. It can also bring other benefits such as greater community cohesion and less social isolation. There is a lack of research evidence with regard to the proximity to, amount, and type of green space that has an impact on specific health benefits. The PHE report of 2014 called for more research to more precisely investigate the links between access to green space and improvements in health outcomes. Importantly, many previous studies did not consider the health equity impact for different social groups across the gradient. Measuring average numbers of users or targeting specific sub groups, misses the opportunity to tackle health inequalities by focusing on improving the provision, quality and accessibility for all. Evaluations of interventions in the past have also failed to follow up outcomes over a longer period of time and have too often relied on survey data or self- reported data. Stronger study designs are needed that gather information over a longer period of time and which measure outcomes in more robust objective ways, such as weight loss, number of visits to the GP, number of minutes and intensity of physical activity. The cost effectiveness of increased use is thus missing from study findings as there is no measurable health outcome (PHE 2014). There is a need to better understand the impact of green spaces around workplaces and schools and places where people spend a significant amount of their daily lives. It will be important to utilise the knowledge and experience of specialists who can evaluate complex public health interventions to further our understanding.