VOLTAGE-GATED PROTON CHANNELS IN ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

电压激活的质子选择性电流于1982年首次在蜗牛神经元中描述，在几种哺乳动物细胞的膜片钳研究中发现，包括大鼠肺泡上皮细胞（DeCoursey，1991）和人中性粒细胞（DeCoursey和Cherny，1993）。 这些H+通道通过膜去极化、细胞质酸化和细胞外碱化的组合而打开。 它们似乎被设计用来从细胞中挤出酸。 在吞噬细胞中，它们在呼吸爆发（杀死细菌的过程）期间被激活，因此它们促进炎症反应。 一般而言，质子通道在高代谢活动期间用于维持细胞内稳态。 对这些通道的了解比大多数离子通道少。 H+通道分子尚未被明确鉴定，部分原因是没有有效和特异性的抑制剂。 该项目的一个目的是表征有机药物如局部麻醉剂对H+通道的抑制。 有机化合物之间的相互作用机制（例如，局部麻醉剂或金刚烷胺）和通道分子将揭示质子穿过膜的传导途径的性质的线索。 最有效和最知名的H+通道抑制剂之一是Zn 2+。 我们将探索Zn2+效应的强pH依赖性的机制，并检验Zn2+结合到通道外侧和内侧的不同位点的假设，可能是控制门控电压依赖性的精确pH敏感性的相同调节位点（Cherny等人，1995）。 我们将使用修饰特定氨基酸（组氨酸和半胱氨酸）的试剂来确定这些氨基酸是否暴露于外部或内部溶液，以及它们在门控或渗透中发挥什么作用。 单H+通道（以前没有检测到）的行为将使用几种类型的噪声分析以及通过直接测量进行探索。 证明H+电流波动是由H+通道的随机门控引起的，这将提供强有力的证据表明该分子是离子通道而不是载体。

First described in snail neurons in 1982, voltage-activated proton-selective currents have been found in patch-clamp studies of several mammalian cells, including rat alveolar epithelium (DeCoursey, 1991) and human neutrophils (DeCoursey and Cherny, 1993). These H+ channels are opened by a combination of membrane depolarization, cytoplasmic acidification, and extracellular alkalinization. They appear to have been designed to extrude acid from cells. In phagocytes they are activated during the respiratory burst, the process of killing bacteria, thus they facilitate the inflammatory response. In general, proton channels serve to maintain homeostasis in cells during periods of high metabolic activity. Less is known about these channels than about most ion channels. The H+ channel molecule has not been positively identified, partly because there are no potent and specific inhibitors. One aim of this project is to characterize the inhibition of H+ channels by organic drugs, such as local anesthetics. The mechanism of interaction between organic compounds (e.g., local anesthetics or amantidine) and the channel molecule will reveal clues to the nature of the conduction pathway by which protons cross the membrane. One of the most potent and best-known inhibitors of H+ channels is Zn2+. We will explore the mechanism of the strong pH dependence of Zn2+ effects, and test the hypothesis that Zn2+ binds to distinct sites at the external and internal side of the channel, perhaps the same regulatory sites that control the exquisite pH sensitivity of the voltage dependence of gating (Cherny et al, 1995). We will use reagents that modify specific amino acids (histidine and cysteine) to determine whether these amino acids are exposed to the external or internal solution, and what roles they play in gating or permeation. The behavior of single H+ channels (which have not been detected previously) will be explored using several types of noise analysis as well as by direct measurement. Demonstration that H+ current fluctuations result from stochastic gating of H+ channels will provide strong evidence that the molecule is an ion channel rather than a carrier.