"Together We Are Strong": Exploring Regional Protest During Moments of Mass Mobilisation in Ukraine and Belarus

是什么导致了抗议动员在一个国家的不同地区和人群中的扩散？激励“普通”公民加入抗议活动的口号和符号是如何穿越时空的？他们在动员过程中发挥什么作用？我提出的研究谈到这些更广泛的困惑，采用乌克兰的EuroMaidan的情况下。这个项目谈到有争议的政治文学的辩论，也在政治动员，行为和沟通的研究更广泛的问题。首先，我将测试斯诺和本福德（1992; 1988）提出的理论，动员框架如何解释抗议扩散，以及迈耶和塔罗（1998）在集体身份形成中的文化作用。我认为，口号和符号可以被理解为抗议者表达不满和要求的一种方式，因此，它们受到斯诺等人（1986）概述的桥接、放大、扩展和创造过程的影响。人们越来越意识到文化和身份在社会运动形成中的重要性（Meyer和Tarrow 1998 ; Steinberg 2002，Tarrow 2004）。Cerulo（1995）在她关于国家象征的作品中反思了社会运动。Snow和Benford（1988）强调了历史文化象征的重要性，其他人则强调了象征产生的当代背景（Cerulo 1995; Kolst 2006）。然而，很少有作品关注，跟踪和追踪符号和口号在抗议动员的传播中的作用。使用定性和定量的工具，我的研究提出了补救这一点，通过一个抗议运动的口号和符号的详细探索，以及它们在框架不满，动员个人，并占其diffusion. Further的作用，这篇论文有助于EuroMaidan的具体文献，侧重于：抗议者身份（Onuch 2014），抗议者和目标的多样性（Onuch和Sasse 2016），他们的价值观（Shestakovskyi 2015），激进右翼的作用（Shekhovstov和Umland 2014），以及乌克兰民族主义和身份的发展（Kulyk 2016）。然而，无论是区域Maidans，还是口号和符号，都没有在奖学金中专门提到。因此，该项目解决了两个关键的研究差距。

What accounts for diffusion of protest mobilization across diverse regions and populations of a country? How do slogans and symbols that motivate 'ordinary' citizens to join protests travel across space and time? And what role do they play in the mobilization process? My proposed research speaks to these broader puzzles, employing the case of Ukraine's EuroMaidan.This project speaks to debates in contentious politics literature and also to broader questions in the study of political mobilization, behaviour and communication. Primarily, I will test theories put forth by Snow and Benford (1992; 1988) on how mobilizational frames account for protest diffusion, and Meyer and Tarrow (1998) on the role of culture in collective identity formation. I propose that slogans and symbols can be understood as a way in which protesters frame grievances and claims, and accordingly are subject to the processes of bridging, amplification, extension and creation outlined by Snow et al (1986). Awareness has been growing of the importance of culture and identity in social movement formation (Meyer and Tarrow 1998 ; Steinberg 2002, Tarrow 2004) . Cerulo (1995) reflects on social movements in her work on national symbols. Snow and Benford (1988) highlight the importance of the historic-cultural symbolic repertoire, and others emphasise the contemporary context of symbol generation (Cerulo 1995; Kolst 2006) . However, few works focus on, track and trace the role of symbols and slogans in the diffusion of protest mobilization. Using qualitative and quantitative tools, my research proposes to remedy this through a detailed exploration of the slogans and symbols of a protest movement, and the role they play in framing grievances, mobilizing individuals, and accounting for its diffusion.Moreover, this thesis contributes to the EuroMaidan specific literature which focuses on: protesters' identities (Onuch 2014) , the diversity of protesters and aims (Onuch and Sasse 2016) , their values (Shestakovskyi 2015) , the radical right's role (Shekhovstov and Umland 2014) , and developments in Ukrainian nationalism and identity (Kulyk 2016) . However, neither regional Maidans, nor slogans and symbols, are specifically addressed in scholarship. Therefore this project addresses two key research gaps.