What was the Influence of Labour Market and Family Policy Institutions on the Gendered Labour Market Impact of the Great Recession?

出于几个原因，对大衰退进行性别分析很有趣。首先，经济危机是深刻的性别现象（European Commission, 2012）。劳动力市场的性别结构不平等（Lewis, 2002），预计危机等外生冲击的影响会产生性别影响。其次，性别劳动力市场结构与政策极其相关，经济面临劳动力人口萎缩（Harper, 2014），而女性劳动力市场潜力没有得到充分实现（elbborg - woytek等人，2013）。危机是检查现有政策的机会，因为理论上它们会加剧劳动力市场上的性别制度影响（Kushi和McManus，即将出版）。第三，危机可以导致变革性的政策变化（hemerijack, 2012）；对这种变化的性别分析可以为研究和政策提供信息。2008年的全球金融危机对劳动力市场产生了严重影响（欧盟委员会，2009年）。一开始，由于部门隔离，男性就业受到的负面影响最大（国际劳工组织，2010年；psamrivier，即将出版）。然而，在部门内，就业影响的性别差异可能更加多样化（Rubery和Rafferty， 2013）。对欧盟统计局（2017）数据的初步分析表明，在控制了部门隔离之后，危机对欧盟各国就业的性别影响各不相同（附录，图1）。此外，衡量工作质量的模式也各不相同，比如兼职工作（附录，图2a-e）。这项研究旨在调查这些不同的模式。这场危机包括两个阶段，最初的经济冲击和随后的紧缩阶段（库什和麦克马纳斯，即将出版）。这项研究将从性别角度审视这两个阶段的劳动力市场结果。要调查的结果包括衡量工作数量（如就业）和工作质量（如兼职工作），同时也考虑到无偿护理工作。最后，将对职业和收入对职业发展的影响进行研究。第二节将详细说明，从理论上讲，制度背景会影响性别劳动力市场结构（CEPS， 2012年；经合组织，2013年；gomsamz - salvador & Turunen， 2008年）和性别对经济衰退的脆弱性。特别是妇女- -她们经历了更多的职业转变，往往是主要的照顾者- -往往更容易融入劳动力市场，具有更高的灵活性（est<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1>以萨涅茨·阿贝，2005年）和提供与家庭有关的服务（曼德尔和谢苗诺夫，2006年）。因此，在研究的背景下，制度分析是双重的。首先，该项目将调查就业保护等劳动力市场制度的影响。其次，研究将考虑家庭政策制度，如儿童保育规定。在定义了相关概念之后，我们可以提出问题来指导研究：1。大衰退对劳动力市场结果的影响在数量（如就业）或质量（如兼职工作）方面是否存在性别差异？如果有，不同国家的情况不同吗？两个危机阶段的影响不同吗？2. 如果各国在危机影响方面存在差异，这些差异如何受到制度背景的影响？3. 危机对职业发展的影响是否存在性别差异？它与(1)中的差异如何比较？这是如何受到制度背景的影响的。

A gendered analysis of the Great Recession is of interest for several reasons. First, economic crises are profoundly gendered phenomena (European Commission, 2012). Labour markets being structured unequally by gender (Lewis, 2002), impacts of exogenous shocks such as crises are expected to have gendered effects. Second, gendered labour market structures are extremely policy relevant, with economies facing shrinking population workforces (Harper, 2014), while women's labour market potential is not fully realized (Elborgh-Woytek et al, 2013). Crises are opportunities to examine existing policy, as they are theorized to exacerbate gendered institutional effects on labour markets (Kushi and McManus, forthcoming). Third, crises can lead to transformative policy change (Hemerijck, 2012); gender analysis of such change can inform both research and policy.The global financial crisis of 2008 had a severe labour market impact (European Commission, 2009). At the onset, male employment was most negatively impacted due to sectoral segregation (International Labour Organization, 2010; Périvier, forthcoming). However, within sectors, gender differences in employment impact may be more varied (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). Preliminary analysis of Eurostat (2017) data shows that, after controlling for sectoral segregation, the gendered employment impact of the crisis varies across European Union countries (Appendix, Graph 1). In addition, patterns vary for measures of job quality, such as part-time work (Appendix, Graph 2a-e). The research aims to investigate these divergent patterns.The crisis consisted of two phases, an initial economic shock, and a subsequent austerity phase (Kushi and McManus, forthcoming). The research will examine labour market outcomes during both phases from a gender perspective. Outcomes to be investigated include measures of job quantity, such as employment, and job quality, such as part-time employment, taking account also of unpaid care work. Finally, the impact on career progression in occupations and incomes will be examined.As will be detailed in section II, institutional context is theorized to influence gendered labour market structures (CEPS 2012; OECD, 2013; Goméz-Salvador & Turunen, 2008) and gendered vulnerability to recessions. In particular, women - who experience more career transitions and are often primary carers - tend to be better integrated in labour markets with higher flexibility (Estévez-Abe, 2005) and provision of family-related services (Mandel and Semyonov, 2006).In the context of the research, institutional analysis is therefore two-fold. First, the project will investigate the impact of labour market institutions, such as employment protection. Second, the research will consider family policy institutions, such as child care provision. Having defined the relevant concepts, we can develop questions to guide the research: 1. Is there a gender difference in the impact of the Great Recession on labour market outcomes in terms of quantity (e. g. employment) or quality (e.g. part-time work)? If so, does it vary across countries? Does the impact differ between the two crisis phases? 2. If there are country differences in crisis impact, how are these influenced by institutional context? 3. Is there a gender difference in crisis impact on career progression? How does it compare to differences found in (1)? How is this influenced by institutional context.