What was the Influence of Labour Market and Family Policy Institutions on the Gendered Labour Market Impact of the Great Recession?

对大衰退的性别分析很有意思，原因有几个。首先，经济危机是根深蒂固的性别现象(欧盟委员会，2012年)。劳动力市场按性别不平等地构成(Lewis，2002)，预计危机等外部冲击的影响将产生性别影响。第二，按性别划分的劳动力市场结构与政策密切相关，各经济体面临人口劳动力减少的问题(Harper，2014)，而妇女的劳动力市场潜力尚未充分实现(Elborgh-Woytek等人，2013)。危机是审查现有政策的机会，因为它们被理论化，加剧了对劳动力市场的性别体制影响(Kushi和McManus，即将出版)。第三，危机可能导致变革性的政策变化(Hmerijck，2012年)；对这种变化的性别分析可以为研究和政策提供信息。2008年的全球金融危机对劳动力市场产生了严重影响(欧盟委员会，2009年)。起初，由于部门隔离，男性就业受到的负面影响最大(国际劳工组织，2010年；佩里维尔，即将出版)。然而，在部门内部，性别差异对就业的影响可能更加不同(Ruberg和Rafferty，2013)。对欧盟统计局(2017)数据的初步分析表明，在控制部门隔离之后，危机对就业的性别影响因欧盟国家而异(附录，图1)。此外，衡量工作质量的方式各不相同，如兼职工作(附录，图2a-e)。这项研究旨在研究这些不同的模式。这场危机包括两个阶段，最初的经济冲击，以及随后的紧缩阶段(库什和麦克马纳斯，即将出版)。这项研究将从性别角度审查这两个阶段的劳动力市场结果。要调查的结果包括就业等工作数量的衡量和兼职就业等工作质量的衡量，并考虑到无偿护理工作。最后，将审查职业和收入对职业发展的影响。正如第二节将详细说明的那样，从理论上讲，体制背景会影响按性别划分的劳动力市场结构(CEPS 2012；经合组织，2013年；戈美兹-萨尔瓦多和图鲁宁，2008年)和按性别划分的经济衰退脆弱性。特别是，妇女--她们经历了更多的职业转变，往往是主要照顾者--往往以更高的灵活性更好地融入劳动力市场(Estévez-Abe，2005年)和提供与家庭有关的服务(Mandel和Semyonov，2006年)。首先，该项目将调查就业保护等劳动力市场机构的影响。其次，研究将考虑家庭政策机构，如儿童保育服务。在定义了相关概念后，我们可以提出问题来指导研究：1.大衰退对劳动力市场结果的影响在数量(例如就业)或质量(例如兼职工作)方面是否存在性别差异？如果是这样的话，各国的情况会不会有所不同？两个危机阶段的影响是否存在差异？2.如果在危机影响上存在国家差异，那么这些影响是如何受制度背景影响的？3.危机影响中的性别差异对职业发展的影响是否存在性别差异？它与(1)中发现的差异相比如何？这是如何受到制度背景的影响的。

A gendered analysis of the Great Recession is of interest for several reasons. First, economic crises are profoundly gendered phenomena (European Commission, 2012). Labour markets being structured unequally by gender (Lewis, 2002), impacts of exogenous shocks such as crises are expected to have gendered effects. Second, gendered labour market structures are extremely policy relevant, with economies facing shrinking population workforces (Harper, 2014), while women's labour market potential is not fully realized (Elborgh-Woytek et al, 2013). Crises are opportunities to examine existing policy, as they are theorized to exacerbate gendered institutional effects on labour markets (Kushi and McManus, forthcoming). Third, crises can lead to transformative policy change (Hemerijck, 2012); gender analysis of such change can inform both research and policy.The global financial crisis of 2008 had a severe labour market impact (European Commission, 2009). At the onset, male employment was most negatively impacted due to sectoral segregation (International Labour Organization, 2010; Périvier, forthcoming). However, within sectors, gender differences in employment impact may be more varied (Rubery and Rafferty, 2013). Preliminary analysis of Eurostat (2017) data shows that, after controlling for sectoral segregation, the gendered employment impact of the crisis varies across European Union countries (Appendix, Graph 1). In addition, patterns vary for measures of job quality, such as part-time work (Appendix, Graph 2a-e). The research aims to investigate these divergent patterns.The crisis consisted of two phases, an initial economic shock, and a subsequent austerity phase (Kushi and McManus, forthcoming). The research will examine labour market outcomes during both phases from a gender perspective. Outcomes to be investigated include measures of job quantity, such as employment, and job quality, such as part-time employment, taking account also of unpaid care work. Finally, the impact on career progression in occupations and incomes will be examined.As will be detailed in section II, institutional context is theorized to influence gendered labour market structures (CEPS 2012; OECD, 2013; Goméz-Salvador & Turunen, 2008) and gendered vulnerability to recessions. In particular, women - who experience more career transitions and are often primary carers - tend to be better integrated in labour markets with higher flexibility (Estévez-Abe, 2005) and provision of family-related services (Mandel and Semyonov, 2006).In the context of the research, institutional analysis is therefore two-fold. First, the project will investigate the impact of labour market institutions, such as employment protection. Second, the research will consider family policy institutions, such as child care provision. Having defined the relevant concepts, we can develop questions to guide the research: 1. Is there a gender difference in the impact of the Great Recession on labour market outcomes in terms of quantity (e. g. employment) or quality (e.g. part-time work)? If so, does it vary across countries? Does the impact differ between the two crisis phases? 2. If there are country differences in crisis impact, how are these influenced by institutional context? 3. Is there a gender difference in crisis impact on career progression? How does it compare to differences found in (1)? How is this influenced by institutional context.