"Controlling caporali: Modern slavery, migrant farmworkers, and the fight against gangmasters in Southern Italy"

“控制卡波拉利：现代奴隶制、农民工以及意大利南部与黑帮头目的斗争”

• 批准号: 2220601
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Bristol
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2220601
• 关键词: Controlling; caporali; Modern; slavery; migrant

Caporalato is the 'gangmaster' (or 'illicit employment') system blamed in mainstream narratives for the "modern-day slavery" living and working conditions of migrant farmworkers in the South of Italy. Against this system, and with the stated aim of bettering the conditions of migrant farmworkers, many different campaigns and initiatives have been organised in the last few years. The world of anti-caporalato is very diverse, including a recent anti-caporalato law (2016), that has been the basis for both stricter police control and institutional 'tables', which unite a broad range of players fighting against this phenomenon. NGOs, trade unions, and associations, as well as local and national governments, and the social responsibility apparatuses of agri-business companies, have taken a stance against caporalato, and organised projects to fight it. These anti-caporalato campaigns, however, have been formulated from very different understandings of what caporalato is (e.g. a problem of illegal migration or organised crime), and with varying concrete effects on the social processes shaping the plight of migrant farmworkers.Exploring the diversity of these initiatives, the research will investigate their success against their stated aims, analysing to what extent they challenge, are limited by, or reproduce the terrible conditions of migrants in Southern Italian agriculture. The analysis will be elaborated through a broadly ethnographic, qualitative and interpretive approach, which will be based on an analysis (formulated with the support of the software NVivo) of three main sources of data: 1) the official materials published by institutions, NGOs and other relevant organisations; 2) the juridical files that illustrate the implementation of the 2016 anti-caporalato law (by police forces, lawyers and judges), kept in the tribunals' archives; 3) a large set of semi-structured interviews with migrant farmworkers and people working in the anti-caporalato initiatives. Since caporalato has been convincingly argued to be a "perfect tool of control" for globalised, neoliberal, agricultural production, anti-caporalato could be expected to achieve greater freedom and autonomy for migrant farmworkers. Indeed, recent formulations of anti-trafficking, developed for instance by the ILO in 2016, focus specifically on global supply chains, and increasingly rely on corporate social responsibility schemes. However, when migrant farmworkers protest the paternalistic and securitarian approach of local NGOs, they posit humanitarian organisations as crucial actors in the "differential inclusion" of migrant workers as passive, illegalised, isolated, exploitable, vulnerable subjects. The distinction between freedom and slavery, so crucial to theoretical debates around anti-trafficking, becomes the everyday rationality of campaigns whose concrete effects are all but self-evident. Hence, it becomes urgent to empirically study how anti-caporalato initiatives, in their diversity as well as underlying unity, are intertwined with the different social processes that together shape the social, economic and political landscape ultimately resulting in the tragic conditions of migrant farmworkers.

卡波拉拉托是主流叙事中被指责为意大利南部移民农场工人的“现代奴隶制”生活和工作条件的“黑帮头目”(或“非法就业”)制度。在过去几年里，针对这一制度，并以改善移徙农场工人的条件为既定目标，组织了许多不同的运动和倡议。反卡波拉拉托的世界是非常多样化的，包括最近的一项反卡波拉拉托的法律(2016)，这是更严格的警察控制和机构‘桌子’的基础，这两个法律联合了广泛的参与者与这一现象作斗争。非政府组织、工会和协会，以及地方和国家政府，以及农业企业的社会责任机构，都对卡波拉拉托采取了反对的立场，并组织了一些项目来对抗它。然而，这些反Caporalato运动是基于对Caporalato是什么的非常不同的理解(例如，非法移民或有组织犯罪的问题)，并对塑造移民农场工人困境的社会过程产生了不同的具体影响。探索这些倡议的多样性，研究将调查它们相对于其宣称的目标取得的成功，分析它们在多大程度上挑战、限制或再现了意大利南部农业中移民的可怕条件。分析将采用广泛的民族志、定性和解释性方法，其依据将是(在NVivo软件支持下制定的)对三个主要数据来源的分析：1)各机构、非政府组织和其他相关组织发布的官方材料；2)法庭档案中保存的说明2016年《反卡波拉拉托法》执行情况的司法文件；3)对移徙农场工人和参与反卡波拉拉托举措的人进行的大量半结构化访谈。由于Caporalato被令人信服地辩称是全球化、新自由主义农业生产的“完美控制工具”，反Caporalato有望为外来农场工人获得更大的自由和自治。事实上，国际劳工组织在2016年制定的打击人口贩运的最新提法特别侧重于全球供应链，并越来越依赖企业社会责任计划。然而，当农民工抗议当地非政府组织的家长式和安全主义做法时，他们认为人道主义组织是将农民工作为被动的、非法的、孤立的、可剥削的、脆弱的主体“差别包容”的关键行为者。自由和奴隶制之间的区别对反人口贩运的理论辩论如此关键，成为运动的日常理性，其具体效果几乎是不言而喻的。因此，当务之急是经验性地研究反卡波拉拉托倡议的多样性和内在统一性如何与不同的社会进程交织在一起，这些进程共同塑造了最终导致移徙农场工人悲惨处境的社会、经济和政治格局。