"Controlling caporali: Modern slavery, migrant farmworkers, and the fight against gangmasters in Southern Italy"

Caporalato是“工头”（或“非法就业”）系统，在主流叙事中被指责为意大利南部移民农场工人的“现代奴隶制”生活和工作条件。针对这一制度，并以改善农民工的条件为既定目标，在过去几年中组织了许多不同的运动和倡议。反caporalato的世界是非常多样化的，包括最近的反caporalato法（2016年），这是更严格的警察控制和机构“表”的基础，它团结了广泛的参与者打击这种现象。非政府组织、工会和协会，以及地方和国家政府，以及农业企业的社会责任机构，都采取了反对caporalato的立场，并组织了对抗caporalato的项目。然而，这些反caporalato运动是从对caporalato是什么的非常不同的理解中制定的。（例如非法移民或有组织犯罪问题），以及对塑造移民农场工人困境的社会进程产生的不同具体影响。这项研究将调查他们在既定目标下的成功，分析他们在多大程度上挑战、限制或重现意大利南部农业中移民的可怕条件。分析将通过广泛的人种学、定性和解释方法进行阐述，（在NVivo软件的支持下制定）三个主要数据来源：1）机构、非政府组织和其他相关组织出版的官方材料; 2）说明2016年反卡波拉托法实施情况的司法文件（由警察、律师和法官），保存在法庭档案中; 3）对移民农场工人和反caporalato倡议工作人员的大量半结构化访谈。由于caporalato被认为是全球化、新自由主义农业生产的“完美控制工具”，反caporalato有望为农民工带来更大的自由和自主权。事实上，国际劳工组织（ILO）在2016年制定的打击人口贩运的最新方案特别关注全球供应链，并越来越多地依赖于企业社会责任计划。然而，当移民农场工人抗议当地非政府组织的家长式和安全主义的做法时，他们认为人道主义组织是将移民工人作为被动的、非法的、孤立的、可剥削的、脆弱的主体的“差别包容”中的关键行为者。自由和奴役之间的区别，对围绕反贩运的理论辩论至关重要，成为运动的日常合理性，其具体效果几乎是不言而喻的。因此，迫切需要从经验上研究反caporalato倡议如何以其多样性和潜在的统一性与不同的社会进程交织在一起，共同塑造社会，经济和政治景观，最终导致移民农场工人的悲惨状况。

Caporalato is the 'gangmaster' (or 'illicit employment') system blamed in mainstream narratives for the "modern-day slavery" living and working conditions of migrant farmworkers in the South of Italy. Against this system, and with the stated aim of bettering the conditions of migrant farmworkers, many different campaigns and initiatives have been organised in the last few years. The world of anti-caporalato is very diverse, including a recent anti-caporalato law (2016), that has been the basis for both stricter police control and institutional 'tables', which unite a broad range of players fighting against this phenomenon. NGOs, trade unions, and associations, as well as local and national governments, and the social responsibility apparatuses of agri-business companies, have taken a stance against caporalato, and organised projects to fight it. These anti-caporalato campaigns, however, have been formulated from very different understandings of what caporalato is (e.g. a problem of illegal migration or organised crime), and with varying concrete effects on the social processes shaping the plight of migrant farmworkers.Exploring the diversity of these initiatives, the research will investigate their success against their stated aims, analysing to what extent they challenge, are limited by, or reproduce the terrible conditions of migrants in Southern Italian agriculture. The analysis will be elaborated through a broadly ethnographic, qualitative and interpretive approach, which will be based on an analysis (formulated with the support of the software NVivo) of three main sources of data: 1) the official materials published by institutions, NGOs and other relevant organisations; 2) the juridical files that illustrate the implementation of the 2016 anti-caporalato law (by police forces, lawyers and judges), kept in the tribunals' archives; 3) a large set of semi-structured interviews with migrant farmworkers and people working in the anti-caporalato initiatives. Since caporalato has been convincingly argued to be a "perfect tool of control" for globalised, neoliberal, agricultural production, anti-caporalato could be expected to achieve greater freedom and autonomy for migrant farmworkers. Indeed, recent formulations of anti-trafficking, developed for instance by the ILO in 2016, focus specifically on global supply chains, and increasingly rely on corporate social responsibility schemes. However, when migrant farmworkers protest the paternalistic and securitarian approach of local NGOs, they posit humanitarian organisations as crucial actors in the "differential inclusion" of migrant workers as passive, illegalised, isolated, exploitable, vulnerable subjects. The distinction between freedom and slavery, so crucial to theoretical debates around anti-trafficking, becomes the everyday rationality of campaigns whose concrete effects are all but self-evident. Hence, it becomes urgent to empirically study how anti-caporalato initiatives, in their diversity as well as underlying unity, are intertwined with the different social processes that together shape the social, economic and political landscape ultimately resulting in the tragic conditions of migrant farmworkers.