Stretching the Evidence: An examination of the English Landscape through a Geographical Information System (GIS), 1573-1700.

延伸证据：通过地理信息系统 (GIS) 对英国景观的考察，1573-1700 年。

• 批准号: 2252098
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Leicester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2252098
• 关键词: Stretching; Evidence; examination; English; Landscape

This study takes a new technical approach into landscape investigations focusing on three non-contiguous counties: Cornwall, Leicestershire and Norfolk to consider among other questions how the landscape pays differed between dissimilar geographical regions. The project is innovational in its use of GIS to map both the landscape and the literary observations within one model: presenting the results as a GIS dataset. The research will be further developed into a standalone web-based interactive map using the National Grid reference system. This study draws upon the work of two early English cartographers. Christopher Saxton's Atlas of the Counties of England and Wales 1573-1579 and John Speed's The theatre of the empire of Great Britaine published in 1603-1611. The development of Antiquarianism during the sixteenth century fulfilled the search for an English national identity in the form of county histories. Works penned by John Nichols and William Burton (Leicestershire), Francis Blomefield and Charles Parkin (Norfolk), and Richard Carew (Cornwall) will be analysed alongside the writings of William Camden, John Leyland, William Harrison and poet Michael Drayton for observations of the landscape. Combining data from cartographers, antiquarians, chorographers and poets whilst utilising new tools and methods offers a new area of research into landscape.The relationship between cartography and literary works has recently gained much attention. Donald Smith's examination of maps and literary texts investigated the impact geography had on perceptions in Stuart-Tudor England, termed 'the cartographic imagination'. Bernhard Klein examined the 'cartographic transaction', looking at cartographic history and the social and political space in maps. Andrew McRae considers literature in his examination of how the poets viewed the countryside during the process of enclosing. More recently, the Poly-Olbion project revisited the poetry of Michael Drayton to walk through the landscape of early modern England. Few quantitative studies using new technologies have been carried out on maps published by Christopher Saxton and John Speed. In 2011, David Bower examined the planimetric accuracy of the atlas map Anglia and the wall map Britannia. However, there has been no in-depth comparative investigation across selected county maps, and/or between both cartographers in tandem with literary writings under one study utilising GIS.Conjoining data gleaned from the digital analysis of these maps with earlier writings from the contemporary antiquarians and chorographers seeks to address research questions into: how the English landscape was perceived, portrayed and presented in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; offer further understanding of the technical processes, used and understood, by the cartographers in early modern mapping; consider how the cartographers and chorographers viewed and reported the landscape, unlocking their understanding of the natural world and revealing features unaccounted for by traditional methods of historical investigation. By employing a mixed-method, multidisciplinary methodology, it is anticipated the results derived from a qualitative and quantitative data-set will further research into English local landscape investigations. This study will thread a path between previous and current works whilst employing a wider range of sources utilising computer aided analysis.This data-integration approach will allow comparisons between writers, place, region and counties using a fully searchable dataset, thus seeking and extracting similarities and differences in the physical and perceived landscape. Furthermore, data can continually be added to expand the project for use in future landscape studies. Focusing on two cartographers and mapping contemporary literary observations in GIS allows for broad regional comparisons to be made across England and into physical and cultural links with the environment.

本研究采用一种新的技术方法进行景观调查，重点关注三个不相邻的县：康沃尔郡、莱斯特郡和诺福克郡，以考虑不同地理区域之间景观报酬的差异。该项目在使用地理信息系统在一个模型内绘制景观和文学观察方面具有创新性：将结果作为地理信息系统数据集呈现。这项研究将进一步发展成一个独立的基于网络的交互式地图，使用国家电网参考系统。这项研究借鉴了两位早期英国制图师的工作。克里斯托弗·萨克斯顿的《1573-1579年英格兰和威尔士郡地图集》和约翰·斯比德的《1603-1611年大不列颠帝国剧院》。16世纪古物学的发展满足了人们对英国国家历史形式的民族认同的追求。约翰·尼科尔斯和威廉·伯顿（莱斯特郡）、弗朗西斯·布洛姆菲尔德和查尔斯·帕金（诺福克郡）以及理查德·卡鲁（康沃尔郡）的作品将与威廉·卡姆登、约翰·莱兰、威廉·哈里森和诗人迈克尔·德雷顿的作品一起进行分析，以观察风景。结合制图师、古物学家、编纂者和诗人的数据，同时利用新的工具和方法，为景观研究提供了一个新的领域。近年来，地图学与文学作品的关系备受关注。唐纳德·史密斯对地图和文学文本的研究调查了地理学对斯图亚特-都铎时期英格兰观念的影响，被称为“制图想象力”。伯恩哈德·克莱因（Bernhard Klein）研究了“制图交易”，研究了制图历史以及地图中的社会和政治空间。安德鲁·麦克雷在考察诗人在封闭过程中如何看待乡村时，考虑到了文学。最近，Poly-Olbion项目重新审视了迈克尔·德雷顿（Michael Drayton）的诗歌，穿越了早期现代英格兰的风景。利用新技术对克里斯托弗·萨克斯顿（Christopher Saxton）和约翰·斯皮德（John Speed）出版的地图进行的定量研究很少。2011年，大卫·鲍尔（David Bower）检查了地图集《盎格鲁》（Anglia）和壁式地图《不列颠尼亚》（Britannia）的平面精度。然而，没有对选定的县地图进行深入的比较调查，也没有在利用地理信息系统的一项研究中对两位制图师与文学作品进行深入的比较调查。将从这些地图的数字分析中收集到的数据与当代古物学家和编纂者的早期著作相结合，试图解决以下研究问题：16世纪和17世纪英国景观是如何被感知、描绘和呈现的；提供对早期现代制图师使用和理解的技术过程的进一步理解；想想制图师和地理编纂者是如何观察和报告景观的，解锁他们对自然世界的理解，揭示传统历史调查方法无法解释的特征。通过采用混合方法和多学科方法，预计从定性和定量数据集得出的结果将进一步研究英国当地的景观调查。本研究将在以前和当前的作品之间建立一条路径，同时利用计算机辅助分析，采用更广泛的资源。这种数据整合方法将允许使用完全可搜索的数据集对作者、地点、地区和县进行比较，从而寻找和提取物理和感知景观的相似性和差异性。此外，数据可以不断增加，以扩大项目用于未来的景观研究。以两位制图师为中心，在地理信息系统中绘制当代文学观察图，可以对整个英格兰进行广泛的区域比较，并将其与环境的物理和文化联系起来。