Quantifying and mitigating spatio-temporal risks to pollination services caused by climate change

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Climate change is expected to cause mismatches between crops and the insects that pollinate them. These mismatches may be spatial i.e. areas where crops will be grown will not be the same areas that are suitable for pollinators; or temporal i.e. the peak flowering period of the crop will not coincide with the peak flight activity of the pollinators. This PhD will explore these key risks using apples and pears. Worldwide Fruit Limited estimates the annual value of its UK production of these two economically important top fruits at ~ £35m; but ecological and economic risks posed by probable future change are as yet unquantified particularly for emerging varieties.