Peripheral Decay: a comparative study of French and Belgian mass housing projects, 1953-1973

周边衰败：法国和比利时大规模住房项目的比较研究，1953-1973

• 批准号: 2271159
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: CARDIFF UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2271159
• 关键词: Peripheral; Decay; comparative; study; French

This project examines the state-led construction of mass housing in France and Belgium during the post-war period. In particular it focuses on the development of grands ensembles - a transnational phenomenon of high-rise concrete estates that were built from the mid-1950s with the aim of securely housing growing urban populations. The purpose of this research is to contrast the French and Belgian planning cultures that dictated the construction of the grands ensembles, assessing key disparities in national approaches to planning and the results that these different cultures had on the people who inhabited such projects.The contrasting planning cultures are examined via two case studies: the Laeken Cité Modèle in Brussels and a similar example from France (yet to be chosen). Key to this is the examination of major planners and architects who worked on the projects in question, such as Fernand Brunfaut (Brussels) and Eugène Beaudouin (Paris). Drawing on Rosemary Wakeman's (2016) work on critical figures in post-war housing, this approach explores the background and ideologies of these individuals, as well as the transnational networks in which they operated. The purpose of this is to assess how they each contributed to the unique planning cultures of their respective countries, while also demonstrating which elements of urban planning were developed at a more international level.Moving away from specific figures, this project also considers wider influences on national planning cultures. This includes the international experience of modernism, which rose to prominence during the interwar years and whose doctrine of functionality continued to direct house building after WWII. It likewise discusses the effects of socio-political issues such as the growth of consumerism and the migration of regional and colonial populations to cities, assessing how the two states tackled such challenges and how their responses framed their respective approaches to mass housing. The second part of this project concerns the results of these different planning cultures. Adopting a more ethnographic approach, it investigates the experiences of grands ensembles residents in the decades following their construction. It aims to establish whether the grands ensembles were effective living spaces, discussing the varying provision of facilities, connections (or lack of) to urban centres and interactions between residents and state authority (something first explored by Colette Pétonnet in 1968). The purpose of this 'bottom-up' investigation is to bring the planning cultures examined in the first part back down to the ground, linking their lofty aims to the social realities they engendered. In doing so it also provides a basis for a further comparison of national planning cultures, contrasting their effectiveness in providing secure mass housing over a long period of time.Beyond its main comparison of national planning cultures, this study also feeds into wider debates around urban history and social housing. It notably addresses the current perspective of grands ensembles as marginalised communities associated with crime and deprivation (particularly in France) and seeks to explore whether these problems can be traced back to the planning cultures that created them. More broadly, housing provision has in recent years become a major topic in both public and academic discourse, with many researchers now re-examining historical planning methods in order to consider viable solutions for the future (e.g. John Boughton's Municipal Dreams, 2018). This project contributes to this discourse by returning to European planning styles of the post-war period, assessing their successes and failures with an eye to explaining their ongoing legacies. Lastly, the study adds to the literature on post-war Belgium, which has received relatively little academic interest despite its centrality to post-war European redevelopment and the shift towards European integration.

该项目考察了战后法国和比利时国家主导的大规模住房建设。特别是，它侧重于大合奏的发展-一种跨国现象的高层混凝土房地产，建于20世纪50年代中期，目的是安全地容纳不断增长的城市人口。本研究的目的是对比法国和比利时的规划文化，决定了建设的大合奏，评估国家的规划方法和结果，这些不同的文化对居住在这样的projects.The对比规划文化的人通过两个案例研究：在布鲁塞尔的Laeken Cité Modèle和一个类似的例子，从法国（尚未选择）的差异。关键在于对参与相关项目的主要规划师和建筑师进行审查，如费尔蒙·布伦福（布鲁塞尔）和欧仁·博杜安（巴黎）。借鉴迷迭香韦克曼（2016年）对战后住房关键人物的研究，这种方法探讨了这些人的背景和意识形态，以及他们运作的跨国网络。其目的是评估他们各自如何为各自国家的独特规划文化做出贡献，同时也展示城市规划的哪些要素是在更国际化的水平上发展的。除了具体的数字，该项目还考虑了对国家规划文化的更广泛影响。这包括现代主义的国际经验，它在两次世界大战之间的几年中脱颖而出，其功能主义在二战后继续指导房屋建筑。它还讨论了社会政治问题的影响，如消费主义的增长和区域和殖民地人口向城市的迁移，评估两国如何应对这些挑战，以及他们的反应如何制定各自的大规模住房方法。本项目的第二部分涉及这些不同的规划文化的结果。采用更多的人种学方法，它调查了大合奏居民在建造后的几十年里的经历。它旨在确定大型建筑群是否是有效的生活空间，讨论设施的不同提供，与城市中心的连接（或缺乏）以及居民与国家当局之间的互动（Colette Pétonnet于1968年首次探索）。这种“自下而上”的调查的目的是把第一部分中考察的规划文化带回到地面，把它们的崇高目标与它们所产生的社会现实联系起来。在这样做的同时，它也提供了一个基础，为国家规划文化的进一步比较，比较他们在提供安全的大规模住房在很长一段时间内的有效性。除了国家规划文化的主要比较，这项研究还投入到更广泛的辩论围绕城市历史和社会住房。它特别解决了目前的大合奏作为与犯罪和贫困（特别是在法国）相关的边缘化社区的观点，并试图探讨这些问题是否可以追溯到创建它们的规划文化。更广泛地说，近年来，住房供应已成为公共和学术话语中的一个主要话题，许多研究人员现在重新审视历史规划方法，以考虑未来的可行解决方案（例如，约翰·鲍顿的城市梦想，2018）。该项目通过回归战后欧洲的规划风格，评估其成功和失败，以解释其正在进行的遗产，从而促进了这一论述。最后，这项研究增加了战后比利时的文献，这已经收到了相对较少的学术兴趣，尽管其中心地位，战后欧洲重建和欧洲一体化的转变。