Perfect auxiliary alternation: an investigation into the Campanian dialects

完美辅助交替：坎帕尼亚方言调查

• 批准号: 2277648
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Manchester
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2019 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2277648
• 关键词: Perfect; auxiliary; alternation; investigation; into

In the Romance languages, one way to form the past tense is to use an auxiliary followed by a past-participle. An auxiliary is a word which gives information about temporal as well as aspectual value, i.e. whether or not an action has been completed, for instance. In the Romance languages, there are two auxiliaries derived from Latin, which are the equivalent of 'HAVE' and 'BE' in English. The selection of one auxiliary or the other has been shown not to be random. Transitive verbs, i.e. verbs which take a direct object, are usually found with 'HAVE', while the behaviour of intransitive verbs has been shown to vary. While some intransitives require the use of 'HAVE', others select 'BE'. Scholars have tried to make sense of auxiliary alternation in intransitives and they have come up with different theories. Some have looked at the arguments that a verb takes, that is the elements which are required by the verb in order for a sentence to make sense, and they have compared the semantic properties of those elements. Those arguments can be placed on a scale ranging from very agentive to very patient-like. Scholars using this framework have proposed that what transitives and the intransitives which select auxiliary 'HAVE' have in common is the high agentivity of their subject. On the other hand, the subjects of intransitives which select 'BE' as an auxiliary are more patient-like, in a similar way to objects of transitives. This a type of alignment, or in other words, how verb arguments pattern and how they are marked. Another way to analyse the phenomenon is to group transitives and 'HAVE'-selecting intransitives on the one hand, and 'BE'-selecting intransitives on the other, without mentioning objects of transitives. It has been noticed that over time certain verbs across varieties have switched from selecting one auxiliary to selecting the other one. This change has not occurred randomly. The same types of verbs have switched from using 'BE' to using 'HAVE' across varieties. This is why Sorace came up with a framework which can be understood in two ways. The first one is to place all verbs on a continuum. One end represents core verbs which select 'BE' and the other end is that of core verbs using 'HAVE'. The verbs at the edges are the last to switch from using one auxiliary to the other. Verbs in the middle, on the other hand, are the first affected by ongoing changes in a specific dialect. Another way to look at the framework is to see two sets of concentric circles one next to the other. The inner circles represent core verbs while the outer circles are verbs on the periphery. The framework was intended to be applicable to all varieties. In other words, the hierarchy of verb types was thought to be the same across all Romance varieties and perhaps even extended to all varieties using auxiliaries in the world's languages in general. In Sorace's framework, the core categories selecting 'BE' are directed motion verbs and verbs which express a change of state. However, Cennamo found that in Campanian dialects, which are spoken in the South of Italy, motion verbs, due to their unstable behaviour, at times selecting 'BE' and at other times selecting 'HAVE', should be classified as peripheral verbs according to Sorace's framework. In the light of these findings, the universality of Sorace's framework might be questioned. The aim of this research will thus be to collect data on Campanian dialects, through the medium of face-to-face interviews, and then analyse the data in order to see whether they confirm Cennamo's findings.My findings will not only help us gain a deeper insight into auxiliary selection but also enhance our understanding of what a grammar is and how it evolves over time. There wil be a social, strictly speaking non-academic, side to my research where we will try to foster the status of the dialects, thus helping to revert the tendency towards their stigmatization.

在罗曼语中，形成过去时态的一种方法是使用助动词后跟过去分词。助动词是一个词，它给出了关于时间和体值的信息，例如，一个动作是否已经完成。在罗曼语中，有两个助动词源自拉丁语，相当于英语中的“HAVE”和“BE”。选择一个辅助或其他已被证明不是随机的。及物动词，即带直接宾语的动词，通常与“HAVE”一起出现，而不及物动词的行为则有所不同。有些不及物动词需要用“HAVE”，有些则选择“BE”。学者们对不及物动词中的助动词交替现象进行了大量的研究，提出了不同的理论。有些人研究了动词的论元，也就是动词为了使句子有意义而需要的元素，他们比较了这些元素的语义属性。这些论点可以放在一个规模范围从非常代理到非常病人样。使用这一框架的学者们提出，选择助动词“HAVE”的及物动词和不及物动词的共同点是它们的主语具有高度的施事性。另一方面，选择BE作助动词的不及物动词的主语与及物动词的宾语相似，更具有受事性。这是一种对齐方式，或者换句话说，动词论元是如何排列的，以及它们是如何被标记的。另一种分析这种现象的方法是将及物动词和“HAVE”--一方面选择不及物动词，而“BE”--另一方面选择不及物动词分组，而不提及及物动词的对象。人们注意到，随着时间的推移，某些动词的变体已经从选择一个助动词转变为选择另一个助动词。这种变化不是随机发生的。相同类型的动词已经从使用“BE”转变为使用“HAVE”。这就是为什么Sorace提出了一个可以从两个方面理解的框架。第一个是把所有的动词放在一个连续体上。一端是选择“BE”的核心动词，另一端是选择“HAVE”的核心动词。边缘动词是最后一个从一个助动词转换到另一个助动词的动词。另一方面，中间的动词是最先受到特定方言持续变化影响的动词。查看框架的另一种方法是看到两组同心圆，一个紧挨着另一个。内圈代表核心动词，外圈代表外围动词。该框架旨在适用于所有品种。换句话说，动词类型的等级在所有罗曼语变体中被认为是相同的，甚至可能扩展到世界语言中使用助动词的所有变体。在Sorace的框架中，选择“BE”的核心范畴是有向运动动词和表示状态变化的动词。然而，Cennamo发现，在意大利南部的坎帕尼亚方言中，运动动词由于其不稳定的行为，有时选择“BE”，有时选择“HAVE”，根据Sorace的框架，应该被归类为边缘动词。根据这些发现，Sorace框架的普遍性可能会受到质疑。因此，本研究的目的是通过面对面的访谈收集坎帕尼亚方言的数据，然后分析这些数据，以确定它们是否证实了Cennamo的发现。我的发现不仅有助于我们更深入地了解辅助选择，而且有助于我们理解什么是语法以及它如何随着时间的推移而演变。我的研究将有一个社会的，严格地说是非学术的一面，我们将努力提高方言的地位，从而帮助扭转对方言的污名化趋势。