Theorising Biocitizenship, 1550-1660

最早出现在彼得雷纳2002年关于乌克兰政府和受切尔诺贝利灾难影响的公民之间关系的著作中，“生物公民身份”的概念被学者们用来仔细研究“政治、身份和生物之间的关系”(Cooter，2008)。虽然关于生物公民权的文学只关注20世纪和21世纪，但它的一些基本思想植根于早期的现代认识论：身体共性或排他性的思想，基于生物学的权利和权力的思想，以及对超越生物规范的数字的焦虑。生物公民权询问如何以及在哪里理解权利是内在的，或者是通过生物的共同性和差异性创造的。这使得它成为考察动物学知识和解剖学研究蓬勃发展的时期的一个富有成效的工具，当时人类的特殊地位是激烈辩论的主题，正如福吉、拉伯、波勒和托马斯所表明的那样。到目前为止，我的阅读已经从人类学向外移动，汇集了包括哈拉韦、阿甘本和福柯在内的作家，以提炼出适合早期现代材料的生物公民的定义。从Enenkel关于早期现代分类学的工作中获得灵感，我的论文的第一部分考察了早期现代人是如何在他们的生物公民同伴中识别和歧视的。这一章调查了分类和收集的文本，从自然历史百科全书，如托塞尔的四足野兽历史(1607)，到解剖学教科书和以前没有研究过的视觉百科全书，其中人类、动物和植物的生活在页面上杂乱无章地混合在一起。第二部分调查了非人类动物参与关于它们存在的讨论的例子。豪厄尔被忽视的对话，塞洛吉亚(1660)，是一个令人信服的例子，在关于亚公民身份的辩论中，给想象中的生活带来了声音。基于古典和人文主义的前身，我将详细探讨，豪厄尔的文本是对人类例外论的延伸讨论。我将与引用会说话的动物的前辈一起来审视这篇文章，包括鲍德温的《提防猫》(1553)和加斯科因的《高贵的性欲艺术》(1575)。在每个文本中，身份识别和歧视的技术通过小说转化为关于物质和政治亲属关系的辩论。在考察了对分类和掌握的尝试，以及对动物声音的创造性询问之后，我的论文的最后一部分将展开对理性人与自然世界之间边界的阶段性破坏。作为人和动物之间的一个有争议的区别点，理性是早期现代生物公民权理论中的一个关键因素。在克里斯特娃的《恐怖力量》、罗兹的《伊丽莎白时代的怪诞》和米勒的《厌恶的解剖》的启发下，我探索了理性所反对的东西：疯狂和肮脏。香农和霍费尔在《李尔王》中对自然世界进行了精辟的探索，但两人都没有承认李尔王的精神退化在他与自然的关系中所起的作用。这一部分对明显的人性缺陷的关注涉及到其他关键来源的腐朽主题，包括马斯顿的作品，这部作品对人类存在的内部、液体和污秽表现出了惊人的兴趣。与动物的这些破坏稳定的遭遇产生了早期现代生物公民的更黑暗版本，它与文艺复兴时期人的传统观念对立，假定了一种卑鄙而有感染力的人性：被自己排斥的生物公民。生物公民权的动态可以在许多早期现代文献中感受到；我的论文论证了这个概念在我们当代世界之外的应用。我激烈的跨学科项目主张一种早期的现代生物公民身份，在这种公民身份中，人类的孤立和流放与各种形式的联系并存&一种扩展的生物共同感，既带来风险，也带来回报。

"First presented in Petryna's 2002 work on relations between the Ukrainian government and citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster, the idea of "biological citizenship" has been used by scholars to scrutinise "the relationship between politics, identity, and biology" (Cooter, 2008). While literature on biocitizenship attends exclusively to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, some of its foundational ideas have roots in an early modern epistemology: ideas of bodily commonality or exclusivity, of rights and power based on biology, and anxieties over figures which transgress a biological norm. Biocitizenship asks how and where rights are understood to inhere in or be created through biological commonality and difference. This makes it a productive tool for examining a period of flourishing zoological knowledge and anatomical study, when the exceptional position of man was the subject of intense debate, as Fudge, Raber, Boehrer and Thomas have shown. My reading to date has moved outwards from anthropology, drawing together authors including Haraway, Agamben and Foucault to distil a definition of biocitizenship appropriate to early modern material. Taking inspiration from Enenkel's work on early modern taxonomy, the first section of my thesis examines how early moderns identified and discriminated among their fellow biocitizens. The chapter investigates texts which categorise and collect, from natural history encyclopaedias such as Topsell's Historie of Foure-Footed Beastes (1607), to anatomical textbooks and previously unstudied visual compendia where assorted human, animal and plant life mingles chaotically on the page. The second section investigates instances of non-human animals participating in discussions about their existence. Howell's neglected dialogue, Therologia (1660), is a compelling example of the voices brought to imaginative life in debates over sublunary citizenship. Based on classical and humanist precursors, which I will explore in detail, Howell's text is an extended discussion of human exceptionalism. I will examine this text alongside predecessors which invoke talking animals, including Baldwin's Beware the Cat (1553) and Gascoigne's The Noble Arte of Venerie (1575). In each text, techniques of identification and discrimination are transformed through fiction into debates over physical and political kinship. Having examined attempts at taxonomy and mastery, and creative interpellations of animal voices, the final section of my thesis will open out to staged disruptions of the boundary between rational man and the natural world. A contentious point of distinction between man and animal, rationality is a crucial factor in theorising early modern biocitizenship. Informed by Kristeva's Powers of Horror, Rhodes' Elizabethan Grotesque and Miller's The Anatomy of Disgust, I explore that which reason opposes: madness and filth. Shannon & Höfele have written incisive explorations of the natural world in King Lear, but neither acknowledges the role Lear's mental deterioration plays in his relationship to nature. This section's focus on the malfunction of a distinctly human quality picks up on the theme of decay in other key sources, including the work of Marston, which displays a striking interest in the innards, fluids, & filth of human existence. These destabilising encounters with animality generate a darker version of the early modern biocitizen, which works antagonistically to traditional perceptions of Renaissance man, positing a base and infectious humanity: a biocitizenry repulsed by itself. The dynamics of biocitizenship can be felt within a host of early modern literatures; my thesis demonstrates that the concept has applications beyond our contemporary world. My fiercely interdisciplinary project argues for an early modern biocitizenship in which human isolation & exile persist alongside forms of connectedness & an expanded sense of biological commonality which presents both risk & reward.