Future Space Data, Missions and Sensors for CBRN Event Detection and Monitoring

未来的Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear-Explosive威胁可能包括工厂的化学爆炸、在城市环境中使用神经毒剂或设施的放射性泄漏。随着这些威胁成为现代安全和威胁管理利益的重点，目前需要改进对这些情景的检测和建模。卫星的使用极有可能对未来的成像和模型作出贡献，为研究和开发提供了机会。欧洲航天局已要求研究如何利用天基服务来支持CBRN(E)行动。泰利斯·阿莱尼亚空间公司(TAS)一直在与当地中小企业‘Riskware’就欧洲航天局的这份合同进行合作，以查看针对CBRN威胁的第一反应人员的信息管理系统。这些系统可以提高CBRN情景中急救员的态势意识，使他们能够通过更准确和详细的信息做出更好的战术决策，有可能挽救生命。为支持这些模型提供数据的卫星技术的发展可以提供比目前更好的分辨率和及时性。在可以提高数据质量的技术中，有一些想法，如甚低地球轨道卫星以及安装在微型卫星上的激光雷达和高光谱成像仪，以前从未在这类卫星上使用过。作者对可能相关的现有卫星数据的初步分析表明，存在几个差距，包括高分辨率风场数据以及化学、辐射和生物探测。其中许多都为未来的任务提供了机会，这将有利于英国的航天工业。该博士学位位于EPSRC传感器和工程设计研究领域。博士学位的目标是：审查现有的CBRN数据，以确定CBRN审查地球观测仪器所需数据的差距，这些数据可用于CBRN审查可能有助于填补CBRN数据差距的替代指标，调查容纳上述地球观测仪器所需的平台和配置，以调查可用于已确定平台的可能仪器，例如VLEO卫星或LEO微小卫星上的LIDAR，以提供对有效载荷或平台的任何必要调整的分析。这项研究的技术方法如下：1.文献综述/现有技术调查查明知识以及当前和未来工具方面的差距3。确定可能的方法4.考虑可能的问题5.整合现有或未来空间平台上的仪器6。任务分析计算7.未来传感器的可能设计8。可能设计未来的平台来容纳传感器与这项研究相关的一些技术挑战，包括可能的仪器，如激光雷达和高光谱成像仪又大又重，因此需要小型化才能在微型卫星等潜在平台上使用。此外，这些仪器需要较低的轨道才能最大限度地提高分辨率，但VLEO等平台需要阻力补偿才能留在轨道上。这些都是在讨论为CBRN应用程序收集数据的未来技术时必须解决的问题。这项研究和方法的新颖之处在于使用了天基数据，认为这种数据在CBRN建模领域中除了视觉地形数据外没有太大用处，还在于定义了能够提供这种数据的仪器，并需要将其适应于VLEO或微型卫星等新平台。

Future Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear-Explosive (CBRNe) threats could include a chemical explosion at a plant, a use of a nerve agent in an urban environment or a radioactive leak from a facility. As these threats come to the forefront of modern security and threat management interests, there is a present need to improve detection and modelling of these scenarios. The use of satellites has great potential to make contributions to future imaging and models, presenting opportunities for research and development.The European Space Agency has requested studies into the use of space-based services to support CBRN(e) operations. Thales Alenia Space (TAS) has been working with a local SME, 'Riskaware', on this European Space Agency contract to look at information management systems for first responders to CBRN threats. These systems could improve the situational awareness of first responders in a CBRN scenario, allowing them to make better tactical decisions with more accurate and detailed information, potentially saving lives. The development of satellite technology to provide data to support these models could provide a better resolution and timeliness than is currently available. Among the technologies that could improve the quality of data are ideas such as Very Low Earth Orbit (VLEO) satellites along with LiDARs and hyperspectral imagers mounted on microsatellites, which have not previously been used on satellites of this type. Initial analysis of potentially relevant available satellite data by the author indicates that there are several gaps, including high-resolution wind field data, and chemical, radiological, and biological detection. Many of these present opportunities for future missions which would be of benefit to the UK's space industry. This PhD sits in the EPSRC Sensors and Engineering Design research areas.The objectives of the PhD are: To review currently available data for CBRN to ascertain gaps in data required To review Earth observation instruments which could be used for CBRN To review possible proxies which could help with gaps in CBRN data To investigate the platforms and configuration necessary to accommodate the above Earth observation instruments To investigate possible instruments that can be used on identified platforms, e.g. LIDAR on a VLEO satellite or LEO microsatellite To provide analysis of any adaptations necessary to the payload or the platform.The technical approach to the research is:1. Literature review/survey of current technologies2. Identification of gaps in knowledge and current and future instruments3. Identification of possible approaches4. Consideration of possible proxies5. Integration of instruments on existing or future space platforms6. Mission analysis calculations7. Possible design of future sensor8. Possible design of future platform to accommodate sensorThere are some technological challenges associated with this research, including that possible instruments such as LiDARs and hyperspectral imagers are large and heavy, and so will require miniaturization for use on potential platforms such as microsatellites. Additionally, these instruments need lower orbits to maximise resolution, but platforms such as VLEO require drag compensation to stay in orbit. These are all issues that must be addressed when discussing future technologies to gather data for CBRN applications. The novelty of the research and the approach lies in the use of space-based data, which does not see much use in the CBRN modelling field beyond visual terrain data, and in the definition of an instrument capable of providing this data, with the need to accommodate it to a novel platform such as VLEO or a microsatellite.