Reasonable accommodation: practice and prospects

研究计划将探讨合理便利在确保法律平等方面的作用，并建议其新的扩展用途。基于包容性平等的理念，本文认为现行的平等法律框架存在诸多缺陷，尤其是在残疾人权利领域。这一点在实践中得到了证明，特别是在残疾人权利案件中扩大了对RA的使用。实践还表明，这一概念有可能成为一种更广泛的工具，以确保平等，针对个人不利条件，并为所有歧视受害者提供量身定制的补救措施。在奠定平等作为法律概念的理论基础并讨论其不足之处之后，我将分析RA在欧洲司法管辖区的使用。从其他法律体系中汲取灵感，我将开发RA的共同核心，并提出其在欧洲体系中的替代用途。人人生而自由，在尊严和权利上一律平等。实现人类中具有如此不同背景、功能、愿望和生活状况的人的平等，是平等法律领域的一项永无止境的斗争。特别是，残疾作为一种生活状况，对我们看待和确保平等的方式仍然是一个挑战，因为实践表明，我们用来实现这一目标的法律工具往往不足以实现这一目标。在我看来，在残疾人权利领域的影响下，为了适应我们对平等的看法，最突出的尝试是由A. Sen和M. Nussbaum提出的能力方法，以及S. Fredman提出的变革性平等框架提出的。双方都认为，平等法的目的是消除在获得权利、商品或服务方面存在的障碍，从而可能重新定义平等保护的目标群体，从基于身份的模式转变为基于情境的模式。尽管该框架在解决平等法领域的缺陷方面具有非常令人信服的潜力，但尚不确定如何以及通过何种方式将这种方法转化为规范领域，即如何使用它来实现法律上的实际平等。我认为合理迁就（“RA”）的概念对回答这个问题有很大的帮助。虽然在欧洲，它主要用于残疾或宗教自由领域，但它有更大的潜力减轻在实现所有人权利方面的客观不利条件，也有潜力帮助调整对侵犯权利的评估，以适当考虑到脆弱性和不利条件。尽管可以论证的是，它完美地适应了一些被忽视的平等法的目的，但在理论上和理论上，RA都没有得到充分的探索，它在实践中的使用是支离破碎的，而且经常是混乱的。本研究的目的是帮助澄清这一概念的作用，定义其在欧洲地区使用的共同核心，并根据理论背景和其他司法管辖区的例子，制定其潜在的预期用途，以帮助实际实现包容性平等的目标。本研究将分为四个主要部分：第一章：正义、平等和非歧视；第二章：与平等有关的残疾问题；第三章：实践中的合理便利；提出合理的前景accommodationThe项目框架如下:第一章o -飞行员10 pageso 12/2019 - 3/2019草案,审查董事会meetingChapter 2 o -飞行员10 pageso 6/2020 - 8/2019草案,审查董事会meetingChapter 3 o 5/2019 -判例法researcho 12/2020——草案,审查董事会meetingChapter 4 o -飞行员10 pageso 6/2021 - 3/2021草案,审查董事会meetingo 12/2022——精炼,敲定所有章节

The research project will explore the role of reasonable accommodation ("RA") in ensuring equality in law and propose its new expanded use. Relying on the notion of inclusive equality, it will be argued that the current equality law framework displays various shortcomings, especially exposed in the disability rights area. This is demonstrated in practice by the expanded use of RA especially in disability rights cases. Practice also shows that the concept has a potential to be a broader tool for ensuring equality, targeting individual disadvantage and providing tailor-made remedies for all victims of discrimination. Upon laying down the theoretical foundation of equality as a legal concept and discussing the shortcomings, I will analyse the use of RA in European jurisdictions. Drawing on the inspiration from other legal systems, I will then develop a common core of the RA and propose its alternative use within the European system.All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Achieving equality for persons of such diverse backgrounds, functionalities, wishes and life situations, as present among humanity, is a never-ending struggle of the equality law field. Particularly, disability as a life-situation remains to be a challenge for the way we perceive and ensure equality, as practice shows that the legal tools we use to achieve this end, are often insufficient in fulfilling it. Most prominent attempts to accommodate the way we perceive equality under the influence of the disability rights field have, in my view, been proposed by the capabilities approach developed by A. Sen and M. Nussbaum, and by the framework of transformative equality proposed by S. Fredman. Both view the purpose of equality law to be dismantling existing barriers in accessing rights, goods, or services lead to a potential re-definition of the target group of equality protection, from the identity-based model, to a contextual-based one.Although the framework has a very convincing potential to address the shortcomings of the equality law field, it is yet not certain how and through which means this approach would be translated into normative area, i.e. how to use it toachieve practical equality in law.I suggest that the concept of reasonable accommodation ("RA") significantly contributes to answering this question. Although in Europe it is predominantly used in the area of disability or religious freedom, it has a much larger potentialto alleviate objective disadvantage in the realization of rights for all persons, and also a potential to help adjust the assessment of rights violations to take proper account of vulnerability and disadvantage.Although arguably perfectly fitting to accommodate some of the disregarded purposes of equality law, RA is theoretically and doctrinally underexplored and its usage in practice is fragmented and often, confused. The aim of this study is tohelp clarify the role of the concept, define the common core of its use in the European area and, based on the theoretical background and examples from other jurisdictions, formulate its potential prospective use to help practically achieve the aims of inclusive equality.The research will be divided into four main clusters:Chapter 1: Justice, equality and non-discriminationChapter 2: Disability-specific issues related to equalityChapter 3: Reasonable accommodation in practiceChapter 4: The prospects of reasonable accommodationThe proposed framework for the project is as follows:Chapter 1o 3/2019 - pilot 10 pageso 12/2019 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 2o 8/2019 - pilot 10 pageso 6/2020 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 3o 5/2019 - case-law researcho 12/2020 - draft, review at a board meetingChapter 4o 3/2021 - pilot 10 pageso 6/2021 - draft, review at a board meetingo 12/2022 - refining, finalizing all chapters