An Investigation for Utilisation of Ionic liquids in the Removal of Transition Metals from Refinery Feedstocks

化石燃料主要含有具有不同分子结构的杂质。原油中的金属杂质经常以金属卟啉络合物的形式出现，是炼油厂的主要目标，如果不进行处理，这些不受欢迎的成分会对加氢处理装置的催化剂活性和设备腐蚀问题产生不利影响，从而使炼油厂付出相当大的代价。另一方面，钢铁工业、催化和液流电池对钒的当前和未来需求促使研究人员对从各种炼油厂碳氢化合物和工业废物中回收钒进行广泛的研究。仅就钒氧化还原电池而言，从现在到2030年对钒的累计需求预计将高达370千吨，这意味着从替代来源回收钒的机会巨大。除了原油和来自油砂的稀释沥青含有大量过渡金属，因此是有吸引力的去金属目标外，还有各种所谓的废物--如石油焦飞灰，每年100公吨--含有相对大量的钒和镍，可能是有吸引力的无意目标。本报告将解释不同原料的优点和缺点。对当前和未来的挑战进行了调查，并试图提出解决这些挑战的方案。该项目旨在研究离子液体的利用，通过物理接触和两相分离来具体消除钒和镍，并使用传统技术研究离子液体和贵金属的回收。在这份报告中，您还将阅读炼油厂的金属来源、当前脱金属技术的调查、沥青质中金属结合的机理、离子液体用于石油脱金属的报道、离子液体中金属卟啉的电化学特征以及钒的未来市场。

Fossil fuels predominantly contain impurities that possess different molecular structures. Metal impurities of crude oils which frequently occur as metalloporphyrin complexes are of the principal target of refineries, and if not treated, these undesired constituents cost refineries considerably due to their adverse effects on the catalyst activity of hydroprocessing units and equipment corrosion problems. On the other hand, the ongoing current and future demand for vanadium in the steel industry, catalysis and flow batteries has led the researchers to be encouraged to conduct extensive researches over vanadium recovery from a variety of refineries hydrocarbon streams and the industrial wastes. Only for vanadium redox batteries, the cumulative demand for vanadium from now to 2030 is projected to be up to 370 kton, meaning there is a huge opportunity for vanadium recovery from alternative sources. Apart from crude oil and diluted bitumen from oil sands which contain a high amount of transition metals and so are the attractive target for demetallation, there are a variety of so-called wastes - such as petroleum coke fly ash, 100 Mt/year- containing relatively large amounts of vanadium and nickel which could be attractive unintentional targets. The advantage and drawbacks of different feedstocks will be explained in this report. The current and future challenges have been investigated, and attempts were made to propose solutions to those challenges.This project is aiming to investigate the utilisation of ionic liquids to eliminate specifically vanadium and nickel via physical contact and bi-phasic separation and to investigate the recovery of both the ionic liquid and the precious metals using conventional techniques. In this report you will also read the source of metals in refineries, investigation of current demetallation techniques, mechanisms by which metals are associated in asphaltene, reported utilisation of ionic liquids for oil demetallation, electrochemical characterisation of metalloporphyrins in ionic liquids and the future market of vanadium.