Argument structure and genitive modification in the Old English noun phrase

古英国英雄贝奥武夫死后，他的灵魂离开了他的身体，寻求“正义的审判”。文学批评争论主名词（或所有格）dom（“判断”）和从属物主（或所有格）sofæstra（“正义的人”）之间的关系；是正义的人在做审判，贝奥武夫是被诅咒的，还是他的灵魂寻求给予正义的审判？占有人可以是占有人（做判断）或病人（被判断）所表达的行为的行为人。该项目旨在从形式语言学的角度解决sofæstra dom示例中所见类型的修饰性修饰。本课程将重点介绍以属格修饰属格名词为标志的所有人的例子，这些属格名词至少有一个主题角色，如agent或patient，附加在其上，或者更正式地说，具有论点结构（a-结构）。在现代英语中，这包括“约翰对玛丽的爱”和“约翰的暗杀”。这个项目不涉及像cyninges（国王的马）这样的占有短语，因为“马”不是一个带a结构的名词。本文研究的是与主位作用相关的名词主位格的主位格结构在语法关系上的作用。对于像“the righteous judge Beowulf”这样的动词短语来说，识别主语和宾语是很简单的，但在名词短语中却不是这样。一种可能性是具有论证结构的名词（以下简称a-名词）与相关动词具有相同的a-结构；因此，像dom这样的名词就像动词deman“判断”一样，对主语和宾语的语法功能进行了次分类。a -名词可能被认为具有名义特定的语法功能，如POSS，如“国王的马”中的“国王”等核心拥有者。一个目标是确定如何最好地从句法上处理这些a -名词的所有参与者。我的研究将使用语料库方法论，这在当前历史语言学中是很常见的。我建议主要使用约克-多伦多-赫尔辛基古英语散文解析语料库（YCOE，参见http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YCOE/YcoeHome.htm），这是一个150万字的语法注释语料库。提出了数据收集的混合方法；语料库中所有文本的1000个单词的样本将使用注释以电子方式搜索所有人/所有人结构。相关的a -名词可以从这些搜索结果中提取出来，然后在整个YCOE中进行搜索。此外，这些a -名词也可以通过使用未解析的古英语语料库字典在未包含在YCOE中的诗歌文本中搜索。使用这种混合的数据收集方法，将创建一个数据库，其中包含所有选择的带有副词所有人的a -名词的实例。数据库中的每个例子都将被标记为语言特征，包括副词所有人的主位角色或可能的角色，头部名词上任何动词形态的存在，两个NPs的活力，以及古英语中相关动词的价和a结构模式。然后，这个数据库将用于对所确定的各种特征的相对重要性进行一些基本的统计分析。为了可复制性和开放获取的利益，这个数据库可以在线提供。本课题将对早期英语中a -名词的句法地位进行实证验证。本文的研究将对英语名词短语和论元结构、所有格的研究以及古英语语法的研究做出理论、实证和历时性的贡献。这项研究探讨了自然语言中是否存在变异，以及语言模糊是否真实存在。

As the Old English hero Beowulf dies, his soul departs his body and seeks the sofæstra dom, the "judgement of the righteous". Literary criticism debates the relationship between the head noun (or possessum), dom "judgement", and the dependent genitive (or possessor), sofæstra "righteous people"; are the righteous those doing the judging, and Beowulf is damned, or does his soul seek out the judgement afforded to the righteous? The possessor can be the agent of the action expressed by the possessum (doing the judging) or the patient (being judged). The project proposed seeks to address adnominal genitive modification of the type seen in the example sofæstra dom from a formal linguistic perspective. It will focus on examples of possessors marked by genitive case modifying possessum nouns which have at least one thematic role, such as agent or patient, attached to it, or, in more formal terms, which have argument structure (a-structure). In Presentday English, this includes "John's love for Mary", and "John's assassination". The project is not concerned with phrases of possession like cyninges mearh "king's horse", since "horse" is not a noun with a-structure. Under investigation is how the possessors associated with thematic roles of nouns with argument structure function in terms of grammatical relations. For a verbal phrase, like "the righteous judge Beowulf", identifying subject and object is straightforward, but the same easy identification does not hold in the noun phrase. One possibility is that nouns with argument structure (hereafter A-nouns) have the same a-structure as related verbs; a noun like dom therefore subcategorizes for subject and object grammatical functions in the same way that the verb deman "to judge" does. A-nouns may be thought of as having nominal- specific grammatical functions like POSS, as is used for core possessors like "king" in "king's horse". It is one goal to determine how best these possessor participants of A-nouns can best be treated syntactically.My study will use corpus methodology, as is usual in current historical linguistics. I propose to chiefly use the York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English Prose (YCOE, see http://www-users.york.ac.uk/~lang22/YCOE/YcoeHome.htm), which is a 1.5 million word syntactically-annotated corpus. A mixed methodology is proposed for the data collection; samples of 1,000 words of all texts in the corpus will be searched electronically for possessor/possessum structures using the annotation. Relevant A-nouns can be extracted from these search results and will then themselves be searched for across the entire YCOE. In addition, these A-nouns can also be searched for in the poetic texts not included in the YCOE by using the Dictionary of Old English corpus, which is not parsed. Using this mix of data collection methods, a database will be created of instances of all selected A-nouns with adnominal possessors. Each example in the database will be tagged for linguistic features including the thematic role or probable roles of the adnominal possessor, the presence of any deverbal morphology on the head noun, the animacy of the two NPs, and the valency and a-structure patterns of related verbs in Old English. This database will then be used to produce some basic statistical analysis on the relative significance of the various features identified. This database can be made available online, in the interests of reproducibility and open access. The project will make an empirically validated claim about the syntactic status of A-nouns at an early period in English. The proposed research will make a theoretical, empirical and diachronic contribution to the study of the noun phrase and argument structure, possession in English, and to study of the syntax of Old English. The research speaks to whether there is such a thing as variation in natural language, and to whether linguistic vagueness is a reality.