The Third Sector and Securing 'Labour Market Longevity'

这篇论文将考察第三部门及其历史上的非政府和非营利组织(NGO)在确保新自由主义市场安排的长盛不衰方面的作用。这个中心研究问题包含三个广泛的目标。首先，为了解释当今英国坚持新自由主义劳动力市场政策的原因，这些政策的特点是雇主主导的灵活性、降低劳动力成本的努力以及对工作不安全感的接受(Ruberg，Keizer&Grimshaw，2016)。其次，探索第三部门作为准国家的、市场外的支持结构，它从市场本身之外包含了新自由主义劳动力市场的矛盾。最后，通过为波兰尼亚的市场和社会从来不是分开的，而是不断地相互构造的观点提供经验证据，为国际政治经济的概念发展做出贡献。第三部门在现代经济中的作用仍然是一个有争议的话题，很少从劳动力市场理论的角度进行分析。大量文献从为缩减的福利服务提供道德和财政便利的角度研究了英国政府与第三部门之间的关系(Alcock&Kendall，2011；Buckingham，2009；Kidd，2002；Milbourne&Cushman，2015；Soteri-Proctor&Phillimore，2013；Williams，Cloke，&Thomas，2012)。最近，Salamon&Sokolowski(2018)探索了市场或国家失败导致第三部门重要性增加的观点。他们的调查结果显示，他们对该行业过于包容的定义从未让人感到困惑。在对在破坏性的新自由主义政策中振兴社区的部门的重要性进行概念化方面取得了一些进展(Fyfe，2005)。然而，几乎没有证据表明这一点与经济中的其他变化之间存在经验联系。总而言之，研究得出的结论是，通过产生社区主导的长期社会问题解决方案，第三部门减轻了英国政府的部分福利责任，但这如何与更广泛的财政和经济变化相适应仍在探索中。我提出了第三部门评估方式的概念改变。还没有人问第三部门是否有助于新自由主义、自我调节的劳动力市场的运行，在这种市场中，劳动力价格由供需相交来确定(见Ruberg，Keizer和Grimshaw，2016)。这就是说，第三部门如何适应这样的制度安排--这些制度安排要求削减州级收费以增加劳动力市场参与度，增加对有偿就业的竞争，并对工资施加下行压力，同时还对在职者进行惩戒(Blyth，2002；Greer，2016；Shapiro&Stiglitz，1984)？简而言之，当前的新自由主义劳动力市场需要失业(稀缺)和最低限度的福利国家(艰苦)才能发挥作用，我假设第三部门在稳定这种性质的劳动力市场方面在英国扮演着至关重要的角色。事实上，我认为慈善组织扮演这一角色已经有很长一段时间了。

This thesis will examine the role of the third sector, and itshistorical non-governmental and non-profit-makingequivalents (NGOs), in securing the longevity of neoliberallabour market arrangements. This central research questioncontains three broad aims. Firstly, to explain the persistenceof neoliberal labour market policies in the UK today,characterised by employer-led flexibility, the drive for lowerlabour costs and acceptance of job insecurity (Rubery,Keizer, & Grimshaw, 2016). Secondly, to explore the thirdsector as quasi-state, extra-market support structure whichcontains the contradictions of neoliberal labour markets fromoutside the markets themselves. And finally, to contribute tothe conceptual development of international politicaleconomy by supplying empirical substantiation for thePolanyian claim that markets and society are neverseparate, but are continually reciprocally constructed.The role of the third sector in the modern economy remainsa topic of dispute and is rarely analysed in terms of labourmarket theory. Copious literature has investigated therelationship between the UK state and the third sector fromthe perspective of providing moral and fiscal facilitation forshrinking welfare services (Alcock & Kendall, 2011;Buckingham, 2009; Kidd, 2002; Milbourne & Cushman, 2015;Soteri-Proctor & Phillimore, 2013; Williams, Cloke, & Thomas,2012). Recently Salamon & Sokolowski (2018) explored theidea that market or state failing has contributed to theincreased importance of the third sector. Their findingshowever have been obfuscated by their overly-inclusivedefinition of the sector. Some inroads have been made intoconceptualising the sectors importance to the revitalisationof community in the midst of disruptive neoliberal policies(Fyfe, 2005). However, there remains little in the way ofdemonstrated empirical linkages between this and otherchanges in the economy. In summary, research concludesthat through generating community-led solutions to longterm social problems the third sector has relieved the UKstate of a portion of its welfare responsibilities, but how thisfits with broader fiscal and economic changes remainsunderexplored.I offer a conceptual alteration in the way the third sector isevaluated. It is yet to be asked whether the third sectorcontributes to the operation of neoliberal, self-regulatorylabour markets, wherein labour prices are set by theintersect of supply and demand (see Rubery, Keizer, &Grimshaw, 2016). This is to say, how does the third sector fitwith institutional arrangements that require rolling back statewelfare to increase labour market participation, increasingthe competition for paid employment and putting downwardpressure on wages while also disciplining those in work (Blyth,2002; Greer, 2016; Shapiro & Stiglitz, 1984)? Simply put,current neoliberal labour markets require unemployment(scarcity) and a minimal welfare state (hardship) to function,and I hypothesise the third sector plays an essential role inthe UK in stabilizing labour markets of this nature. Indeed, invarious guises, I would argue charitable organisations havehad this role for a long time.