The Third Sector and Securing 'Labour Market Longevity'

本文将探讨第三部门及其历史上的非政府组织和非营利组织（NGO）在确保新自由主义劳动力市场安排的长久性方面所起的作用。这个中心研究问题包含三个广泛的目标。首先，为了解释今天英国新自由主义劳动力市场政策的持续性，其特点是雇主主导的灵活性，降低劳动力成本的动力和接受工作不安全感（Rubery，Keizer，& Grimshaw，2016）。第二，从市场本身的外部来探讨第三部门作为准国家的、市场外的支持结构，它包含了新自由主义劳动力市场的矛盾。最后，通过为波拉尼的市场和社会从来不是分离的，而是不断被建构的主张提供实证，为国际政治经济学的概念发展做出贡献。第三部门在现代经济中的作用是一个有争议的话题，很少用劳动力市场理论来分析。大量文献从为不断萎缩的福利服务提供道德和财政便利的角度研究了英国国家与第三部门之间的关系（Alcock & Kendall，2011;Buckingham，2009; Kidd，2002; Milbourne & Cushman，2015;Soteri-Proctor & Phillimore，2013;威廉姆斯，Cloke，&托马斯，2012）。Salamon & Sokolowski（2018）探讨了市场或国家失灵导致第三部门重要性增加的观点。他们的调查结果被他们对该部门过于宽泛的定义所混淆。在破坏性的新自由主义政策中，在概念化该部门对社区振兴的重要性方面取得了一些进展（Fyfe，2005年）。然而，在这一点和经济中的其他变化之间的实证联系方面仍然很少。总之，研究得出结论，通过产生社区主导的长期社会问题的解决方案，第三部门已经减轻了英国政府的一部分福利责任，但这如何与更广泛的财政和经济变化相适应尚待探索。我提供了一个概念上的改变，在第三部门的方式isevaluated。第三部门是否有助于新自由主义的自我调节的劳动力市场的运作，这一问题还有待探讨，在这种市场中，劳动力价格由供需交叉点决定（见Rubery，Keizer，&Grimshaw，2016）。也就是说，第三部门如何适应需要减少国家福利以增加劳动力市场参与的制度安排，增加有偿就业的竞争，降低工资压力，同时也约束工作人员（Blyth，2002; Greer，2016; Shapiro & Stiglitz，1984）？简单地说，当前的新自由主义劳动力市场需要失业（稀缺）和最低限度的福利国家（困难）来发挥作用，我假设第三部门在英国稳定这种性质的劳动力市场方面发挥着重要作用。事实上，我认为慈善组织在很长一段时间内都扮演着这样的角色。

This thesis will examine the role of the third sector, and itshistorical non-governmental and non-profit-makingequivalents (NGOs), in securing the longevity of neoliberallabour market arrangements. This central research questioncontains three broad aims. Firstly, to explain the persistenceof neoliberal labour market policies in the UK today,characterised by employer-led flexibility, the drive for lowerlabour costs and acceptance of job insecurity (Rubery,Keizer, & Grimshaw, 2016). Secondly, to explore the thirdsector as quasi-state, extra-market support structure whichcontains the contradictions of neoliberal labour markets fromoutside the markets themselves. And finally, to contribute tothe conceptual development of international politicaleconomy by supplying empirical substantiation for thePolanyian claim that markets and society are neverseparate, but are continually reciprocally constructed.The role of the third sector in the modern economy remainsa topic of dispute and is rarely analysed in terms of labourmarket theory. Copious literature has investigated therelationship between the UK state and the third sector fromthe perspective of providing moral and fiscal facilitation forshrinking welfare services (Alcock & Kendall, 2011;Buckingham, 2009; Kidd, 2002; Milbourne & Cushman, 2015;Soteri-Proctor & Phillimore, 2013; Williams, Cloke, & Thomas,2012). Recently Salamon & Sokolowski (2018) explored theidea that market or state failing has contributed to theincreased importance of the third sector. Their findingshowever have been obfuscated by their overly-inclusivedefinition of the sector. Some inroads have been made intoconceptualising the sectors importance to the revitalisationof community in the midst of disruptive neoliberal policies(Fyfe, 2005). However, there remains little in the way ofdemonstrated empirical linkages between this and otherchanges in the economy. In summary, research concludesthat through generating community-led solutions to longterm social problems the third sector has relieved the UKstate of a portion of its welfare responsibilities, but how thisfits with broader fiscal and economic changes remainsunderexplored.I offer a conceptual alteration in the way the third sector isevaluated. It is yet to be asked whether the third sectorcontributes to the operation of neoliberal, self-regulatorylabour markets, wherein labour prices are set by theintersect of supply and demand (see Rubery, Keizer, &Grimshaw, 2016). This is to say, how does the third sector fitwith institutional arrangements that require rolling back statewelfare to increase labour market participation, increasingthe competition for paid employment and putting downwardpressure on wages while also disciplining those in work (Blyth,2002; Greer, 2016; Shapiro & Stiglitz, 1984)? Simply put,current neoliberal labour markets require unemployment(scarcity) and a minimal welfare state (hardship) to function,and I hypothesise the third sector plays an essential role inthe UK in stabilizing labour markets of this nature. Indeed, invarious guises, I would argue charitable organisations havehad this role for a long time.