Cognitive Biases in Social Behavior

描述(由申请人提供)：在研究文献中，关于公平还是自利是谈判的主要动机，以及如何适当衡量公平的持续辩论，阻碍了解决争端的实际解决方案。我想说明的是，从感知者的角度来看待公平，而不是寻找一个既定的、客观的公平标准，更有助于我们对争端和谈判领域中的感知和行为的理解的理论和实践的进步。具体地说，我这个应用程序的目标是证明1)人们对情景规范的主观认知不同，因此在给定的环境中，什么是公平行为；2)人们对彼此行为的公平性的看法和归因反映了与幼稚的现实主义偏见相关的特有偏见；3)这些偏见为有效的冲突解决创造了障碍；4)减少这些偏见将增加达成令人满意的冲突解决方案的可能性。通过展示这种偏见和克服它的方法，我希望既提供一个减少争端解决障碍的实用工具，也提供一个改善关于公平观念和行为的对话的理论工具。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The constant debate, played out in the research literature, on fairness versus self-interest as the primary motivator in negotiations, and on how to properly measure fairness, is inhibiting practical solutions for solving disputes. I intend to show that viewing fairness from the viewpoint of the perceiver, rather than searching for an established and objective standard of fairness, is more useful to the theoretical and practical advancement of our understanding of perceptions and behaviors in the realm of disputes and negotiation. Specifically, my goals for this application are to demonstrate 1) that people differ in their subjective perceptions of situational norms and hence in what constitutes fair behavior in a given context, 2) that people's perceptions and attributions about the fairness of each other's behavior reflect the characteristic biases associated with naive realism biases, 3) that these biases create a barrier to effective conflict resolution, and 4) that reducing these biases will increase the likelihood that a satisfactory solution to a conflict will be reached. By demonstrating this bias and ways to overcome it, I hope to provide both a practical tool for reducing barriers to dispute resolution and a theoretical tool for improving the dialogue about fairness perceptions and behavior.