The astropolitics of cyber attacks against global navigation satellite systems

点击翻译按钮获取中文摘要

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning System, provide positioning, navigation and timing services which underpin critical national infrastructure (CNI). Despite their criticality, they have limited built in security and back ups, making them a target for disruptive cyber attacks. Up until now, international regulations and agreements have maintained cooperation and peace in space, through shared global infrastructure and norms. However, independence of nation state infrastructure is growing, for instance through national and regional navigation systems, like China's BeiDou. This makes GNSS attacks more likely, as nation states become more competitive and less reliant on each other's infrastructure.This research builds upon existing astropolitical theory and attack analysis to create an cyber attack taxonomy used to anticipate strategy, tactics, techniques and procedures of future nation state GNSS attacks and how they achieve astropolitical goals.