Investigation of the effect of host genetic variants on subgingival microbes and gingival inflammation in gingivitis and periodontitis.

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Micronutrients such as manganese, iron, copper, and zinc are essential for healthy skin. Although skin contains mainly keratinocytes, about a tenth of the cells are specialized: e.g. melanocytes, Langerhans cells or inflammatory cells. Langerhans cells form tight junctions with keratinocytes, are absent under zinc deficiency, and together with the stratum corneum are important for epidermal barrier function. The relative significance of these metal ions for the different cell types is unknown. Major advances in mass spectrometric techniques now allow imaging the distribution of metal ions in tissues and cells. It established that metal ions are not randomly distributed but rather follow cell-specific functions. For different skin cells such metal profiles are essentially unknown. Metal ions are involved in lipid biosynthesis, which is of direct relevance to processes such as barrier disruption in ageing skin or dandruff in scalp.