The nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in professional football

这项研究将分析英格兰和荷兰职业足球中财务越轨的性质、组织和治理。这项研究的目标是：1.根据职业足球中金融越轨的动态发展经验证据，并概念化越轨行为和活动的范围，及其潜在的驱动因素、条件和相关危害；2.确定监管漏洞和潜在的干预机制(例如，情景、社会)，以减少越轨的机会和动机，并改善治理反应。由于市场参与者之间进行了大量交易，金融不当行为的机会比比皆是。内部和外部治理策略被认为在防止英超足球中的财务偏差方面无效，而无效的外部监管可以被认为是未来偏差的原因之一。越轨的危害可能会降临到足球组织、球迷等其他群体、足球运动乃至整个社会。越轨是指违反基于法律、法规或规范的标准的行为。在这项研究中，“金融越轨”一词将被用来指两种(有时是重叠的)行为：(1)足球系统是实现非法经济利益的工具的越轨行为；(2)通过非法金融活动获得足球优势的越轨行为。研究问题1.在英格兰足球中，金融越轨的类型和形式有哪些？它们是如何组织的？2.足球系统以什么方式激励和创造金融越轨的机会？是什么条件决定了这一点？3.哪些治理战略最适合减少足球界的财务越轨行为？它们的实施是否存在任何障碍？4.足球财务越轨行为的性质、组织和治理在各国之间的比较如何？观察到的任何差异的原因或影响是什么？上述问题以常规活动和理性选择理论为基础，即(1)当有动机的犯罪者和合适的目标在没有有能力的监护人的情况下在时间和空间上相遇时(即将微观层面的决策与宏观层面的社会活动模式结合在一起)，就会出现异常机会，以及(2)当遇到机会时抓住机会的可能性与其感知到的利益呈正相关。理解机会是如何产生的，以及驱动或激励行为者实现这些机会的因素，对于解释足球中的财务偏差是至关重要的。通过深入了解金融越轨的性质和组织，稳健的治理可以通过情景犯罪预防理论来提供信息，该理论断言，通过操纵特定的机会和它们出现的背景，可以有效地控制越轨，以减少越轨的预期好处。研究设计和方法本研究将实施多种方法：1.采访知情的行为者，如来自不同规则或执法机构的调查人员和相关非执法组织的关键人员；2.对公开可获得的数据进行文件分析；3.分析警察和机关的案件档案数据。这些数据将使人们能够全面了解所涉活动和行为者的范围，以及在特定条件下如何出现越轨的机会。数据将为犯罪脚本分析提供信息，这是一种旨在查明和分析越轨行为的程序性质和组织的分析方法，并将通过查明特定越轨委员会进程中的漏洞，为有效预防提供信息。

This research will analyse the nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in English and Dutch professional football. The objectives of the study are to:1. Develop an empirical evidence base on the dynamics of financial deviance in professional football and conceptualise the range of deviant actors and activities, along with their underlying drivers, conditions and associated harms;2. Identify regulatory gaps and potential intervention mechanisms (e.g. situational, social) for reducing opportunities and motivations for deviance, and improving governance responses.With substantial sums being exchanged between market actors, opportunities for financial misconduct abound. Internal and external governance strategies have been argued to be ineffective in preventing financial deviance in EPL football, and ineffective external regulation can be argued to contribute to future deviance. The harms of deviance may befall footballing organisations, other groups such as fans, the sport of football generally, and even society more widely.Deviance is behaviour that violates standards based on laws, regulations or norms. Within this research, the term 'financial deviance' will be used to refer to two (sometimes overlapping) types of behaviour: (1) deviance in which the football system is a vehicle for achieving illicit financial gain; and (2) deviance in which footballing advantage is secured via illicit financial activity. Research questions1. What types and forms of financial deviance are manifest in English football and how are they organised?2. In what ways does the football system incentivise and generate opportunities for financial deviance? Which conditions shape this?3. What governance strategies would be best placed to reduce financial deviance in football and are there any obstacles to their implementation?4. How does the nature, organisation and governance of financial deviance in football compare across countries? What might be the reasons for or effects of any observed differences?The above questions are underpinned by theories of routine activities and rational choice, namely that (1) deviant opportunities occur when a motivated offender and suitable target meet in time and space in the absence of capable guardians (i.e. bringing together micro-level decision-making with macro-level patterns of social activities), and (2) the likelihood that an opportunity is taken when encountered is positively associated with its perceived benefit. Understanding how opportunities arise, as well as the factors that drive or motivate actors to realise these opportunities, is central to developing explanatory accounts of financial deviance in football. By gaining insight into the nature and organisation of financial deviance, robust governance can be informed through theories of situational crime prevention, which assert that deviance can be effectively controlled by manipulating specific opportunities, and the contexts in which they arise, to reduce the perceived benefits of deviance.Research design and methodologyThis research will implement multiple methods:1. Interviews with informed actors, such as investigators from various rule or law enforcement bodies and key personnel from relevant non-enforcement organisations;2. Document analysis of publicly available data;3. Analysis of police and agency case file data.Data will enable a comprehensive understanding of the range of activities and actors involved, and how opportunities for deviance arise under particular conditions. Data will inform a crime script analysis, an analytical method which aims to identify and analyse the procedural nature and organisation of deviant acts, and will inform effective prevention by identifying vulnerabilities in specific deviance commission processes.