A Criminological Investigation into the Operation and Effects of Structural Violence on Migrant Offenders within Italy's Criminal Justice System

尽管移民只占意大利人口的13%，但移民占到了监狱人口的32.5%(安提戈涅，2020)。这项研究项目将探讨这种过度表达背后的原因，这是一个到目前为止还没有得到学术关注的话题。对移民行政拘留的过度关注(例如，见Aliverti，2012；Franco和Bosworth，2013；Canning，2017)实际上在很大程度上忽视了对移民的刑事起诉。这是这项研究旨在解决的学术文献中的一个突出差距。特别是，这项研究旨在调查移徙、个性和刑事司法之间的关系；意大利刑事司法系统对移民在刑事监禁中人数过多的贡献，以评估其运作是否作为压迫的结构性表现，将移徙转变为需要明确惩罚的法律和秩序问题；意大利刑事司法系统在造成与移徙有关的压迫和边缘化方面的贡献，以及这些如何体现为社会危害；最后，在减轻意大利刑事司法系统在移徙方面不公正的结构性风险方面，什么管用，什么不管用，什么是有希望的。为了达到研究的目的，本研究采用了意大利三个城市的多案例研究设计。罗马、米兰和佛罗伦萨之所以被有意选中，是因为根据2020年7月31日(安提戈涅，2020年)的记录，这三个城市被监禁的移民人数最多(在对刑事罪行而不是行政罪行宣判后)。将通过利用案件资料(即犯罪类型或刑期、族裔、原籍国、年龄和任何其他资料)、法律和政策文件来获取和分析重要的背景数据。数据收集方法还将包括个人深入访谈，这将被用来促进个人个人经历的分享，以及焦点小组，以讨论关于移民在刑事监禁中比例过高的引人注目的宏观问题。数据将通过语篇分析进行检验，这将有助于理解参与者如何通过他们所使用的语言来构建意义，这些语言与他们的生活、社会结构和权力动态有关。参与者将是通过滚雪球抽样招募的与意大利刑事司法系统有过接触的移民；以及刑事司法从业人员、社区代表和人道主义利益攸关方，他们将被有目的地选拔出了解本研究旨在解决的问题的个人。

Despite representing a mere 13% of the Italian population, immigrants make up 32.5% of the prison population (Antigone, 2020). This research project will examine the reasons behind this overrepresentation, a subject that has received scant academic attention hitherto. An overwhelming focus on administrative immigration detention (see, for instance, Aliverti, 2012; Franco and Bosworth, 2013; Canning, 2017) has, in fact, left the criminal prosecution of migrants largely overlooked. This is a prominent gap in the academic literature that this research aims to address. In particular, this research aims to investigate the relationship between migration, individuality and criminal justice; the contribution of the Italian criminal justice system in the overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal incarceration, to assess whether its functioning acts as a structural expression of oppression which transforms migration into an issue of law and order needing pronounced punitiveness; the contribution of the Italian criminal justice system in the production of oppression and marginality in relation to migration, and how these crystallise into social harm; finally, what works, what does not work and what is promising in terms of mitigating the structured risk of the Italian criminal justice system for injustice in relation to migration. In order to address its aims, this research employs a multiple case study research design of three Italian cities. Rome, Milan, and Florence were purposively selected because they possessed the highest numbers of incarcerated migrants (after sentencing for a criminal rather than administrative offence), as recorded on 31 July 2020 (Antigone, 2020). Significant background data will be obtained and analysed through drawing on case information (i.e., types of crime or length of sentence, ethnicity, country of origin, age, and anything additional), legal and policy documentation. Data collection methods will also involve individual in-depth interviews, which will be utilised for favouring the sharing of personal individual experiences, as well as focus group, for discussing compelling macro level issues around the overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal incarceration. Data will be examined through discourse analysis, which will help understand how participants construct meaning through the language they use in relation to their lives, social structure, and power dynamics. Participants will be migrants who have had contact with Italy's criminal justice system, recruited through snowball sampling; and criminal justice practitioners, community representatives and humanitarian stakeholders, who will be purposively located to select individuals who are knowledgeable about the issues this research aims to address.