Subaltern Agency and Imperial Rivalry in the Franco-Spanish CircumCaribbean: Native American and Black Actors during the Long 17th Century

我的项目探索代理美洲原住民和黑人演员在环加勒比边境地区之间的法国和西班牙帝国在“漫长的17世纪”。虽然法国和西班牙的大西洋被简·兰德斯描述为“紧密相连”，但学术界通常将它们分开对待。西尔维娅·埃斯佩尔-邦宾还注意到，人们倾向于只从欧洲外交的角度看待帝国主义冲突，而忽视了殖民地人口的作用。我的项目抵消了这一点。它集中于1580年至1720年这段时期，即法西冲突的顶峰时期，并将其作为考察主题的框架：主权美洲原住民国家，逃犯和海盗等逃犯，以及试图通过在圭亚那、巴拿马、墨西哥沿海和加勒比岛屿等边境地区建立联盟来改善其地位的臣民或被奴役人口。在那里，印第安人和黑人社区经常交织在一起，很难分开。他们彼此之间的关系与欧洲人之间的关系同样重要。以前关于我的话题的学术研究是有限的，但是可以列出一些相关的例子。最早的例子是巴拿马的流亡者支持16世纪的法国海盗，后来又转而效忠于守卫海岸，反对他们以前的盟友。在这一地区，西班牙人和法国人争夺的另一个群体是当地的库纳人。法国对西班牙的军事行动也得到了圭亚那加勒比人的配合。在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛的西部，随着法国人计划用黑人入侵西班牙，一群黑人村庄、一个海盗巢穴和一个法国殖民地相互连接。Arne Bialuschewski的两项研究也提供了强有力的例子。他们展示了印第安人加入欧洲人领导的海盗袭击，沿着大西洋沿岸旅行，并试图与未被征服的玛雅王国结盟。我将主要使用位于塞维利亚的印度总档案馆、位于普罗旺斯艾克斯的法国国家档案馆和位于巴黎的法国国家档案馆和国家图书馆的资料，计划在每个地点进行两个月的访问。如果不可能进行现场研究，我还将尽可能包括来自美国档案的材料，依靠哥伦比亚、墨西哥和中美洲（危地马拉）档案馆Nación的数字商店。法语和西班牙语的报告可以让我了解殖民者建立联盟的过程，以及他们对敌人试图建立联盟的恐惧。传教士的报告提供了一个额外的角度。西班牙档案还包含了对涉嫌叛乱分子或闯入者的审判记录。所有这些资料都来自卡洛·金兹伯格（Carlo Ginzburg）所说的“镇压档案”，需要特别注意。我将对安·斯托勒，米歇尔·罗尔夫·特鲁洛特，以及最近的玛丽莎·富恩特斯和赛迪亚·哈特曼的作品中建立的档案来源进行批判。我运用Hans van wee关于竞争的观点来阐明法西关系，同时也将帝国视为Dipesh Chakrabarty意义上的“地方化”，因为它提供了将美洲原住民和黑人臣民的行动置于背景下的紧张局势。此外，我用劳伦斯·格罗斯（Lawrence Gross）的《末日后压力综合症》（Postapocalypse Stress Syndrome）和保罗·吉尔罗伊（Paul Gilroy）的《黑色大西洋》（Black Atlantic）来解释欧洲对我的研究对象的思想传统的影响。考虑到这一相互影响的领域，我认为我的项目是全球历史之一，特别是借鉴迈克尔·维尔纳和巴姆·齐默尔曼的“交叉交叉的历史”。使用这些方法，我制定了一个与简·伯班克（Jane Burbank）和弗雷德里克·库珀（Frederick Cooper）的“皇家剧目”相对应的次要行动范围。我的项目不仅在研究迄今为止被学术界忽视的几个主题方面开辟了新的领域，而且将它们作为一个连贯的整体联系在一起。为了分析我的发现，我采用了一种跨学科的方法，考虑了经典、美洲原住民研究、文学以及早期近代史的观点。

My project explores the agency of Native American and Black actors in circum-Caribbean frontier zones between the French and Spanish empires during the 'Long 17th Century'. Although the French and Spanish Atlantics have been described by Jane Landers as "intimately linked," scholarship has usually treated them separately. Silvia Espelt-Bombin has also noted a tendency to perceive imperial conflicts only in terms of European diplomacy, neglecting the role of colonial populations. My project counteracts this. It focusses on the period from 1580 to 1720, the apex of the Franco-Spanish conflict, using it as a framework for the subjects examined: sovereign Native American nations, outlaws such as maroons and pirates, and subject or enslaved populations attempting to improve their status through alliance-building in frontier zones like Guyana, Panama, coastal Mexico, and the Caribbean islands. There, Native American and Black communities were often intertwined and difficult to separate. Their relationships to each other were equally important as those to Europeans. Previous scholarship on my topic is limited, but some relevant examples can be delineated. Among the earliest is Panamanian maroons' support for 16th-Century French pirates and later switch of allegiance to guarding the coast against their former allies. Another group in this area vied over by the Spanish and French were the native Kuna. French manoeuvrers against Spain were also coordinated with the Guyana Caribs. In western Hispaniola, a cluster of maroon villages, a buccaneer nest, and a French colony led into another as the French arranged encroachment upon the Spanish with the maroons. Two studies by Arne Bialuschewski also provide strong examples. They show Native Americans joining European-led buccaneer raids, travelling along the Atlantic littoral, and taking part in an attempted alliance with an unconquered Maya kingdom. I will primarily use sources at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Archives nationales d'Outre Mer in Aix-en-Provence, and Archives nationales and Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, planning for two months at each site. As far as possible, I will also include material from American archives, relying on the digital stores of the Archivos General de Nación of Colombia, Mexico, and Central America (Guatemala) if on-site research should be impossible. French and Spanish letters of report will allow me insights into colonisers' alliance-building and their fears about enemy attempts at it. Missionary reports provide an additional angle. Spanish archives also contain trial protocols of suspected rebels or interlopers. All these sources come from what Carlo Ginzburg termed 'archives of the repression,' and require special care. I will practise a critique of archival sources as established in the works of Ann Stoler, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, and more recently Marisa Fuentes and Saidiya Hartman. I apply Hans van Wees's ideas on competition to articulate the Franco-Spanish relationship while also treating the empires as 'provincialised' in Dipesh Chakrabarty's sense, as providing tension that contextualises the actions of Native American and Black subjects. Further, I use Lawrence Gross's 'Postapocalypse Stress Syndrome' and Paul Gilroy's 'Black Atlantic' to account for the European impact upon my subjects' intellectual tradition. Given this field of mutual influence, I consider my project one of global history, specifically drawing upon the 'histoire croisée' of Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann. Using these methods, I formulate a subaltern scope of action corresponding to Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper's 'imperial repertoires.' My project not only breaks new ground in taking on several topics so far neglected by scholarship but ties them together as a coherent whole. To analyse my findings, I employ an interdisciplinary method that considers ideas from Classics, Native American Studies, and Literature as well as those of Early Modern History.