Subaltern Agency and Imperial Rivalry in the Franco-Spanish CircumCaribbean: Native American and Black Actors during the Long 17th Century

我的项目探索的是美洲原住民和黑人演员在漫长的17世纪法国和西班牙帝国之间的环加勒比边境地区的代理。尽管简·兰德斯将法国亚特兰蒂斯和西班牙亚特兰蒂斯描述为“紧密相连”，但学术界通常将它们分开对待。西尔维娅·埃斯佩尔特-邦宾也注意到了一种倾向，即只从欧洲外交的角度来看待帝国冲突，而忽视了殖民人口的作用。我的项目抵消了这一点。它聚焦于1580年至1720年法西冲突的顶峰时期，以此作为研究主题的框架：美洲土著主权国家、马鲁人和海盗等亡命之徒，以及试图通过在圭亚那、巴拿马、墨西哥沿海和加勒比海岛屿等边境地区建立联盟来改善自己地位的臣民或被奴役人口。在那里，美国原住民和黑人社区经常交织在一起，很难分开。他们之间的关系与欧洲人的关系同等重要。以前关于我这个主题的学术研究是有限的，但可以列举一些相关的例子。其中最早的是巴拿马马鲁安人支持16世纪的法国海盗，后来转而效忠于保卫海岸，对抗他们的前盟友。西班牙人和法国人在这一地区争夺的另一个群体是土生土长的库纳人。法国对西班牙的演习也与圭亚那加勒比人进行了协调。在西伊斯帕尼奥拉，一群栗色的村庄、一个海盗巢穴和一个法国殖民地通向另一个殖民地，因为法国人安排了马鲁恩人对西班牙人的侵占。Arne Bialuschewski的两项研究也提供了有力的例子。他们展示了美洲原住民加入欧洲领导的海盗突袭行动，沿着大西洋沿岸旅行，并参与了与一个未被征服的玛雅王国的联盟。我将主要使用塞维利亚的印第安纳档案馆、普罗旺斯艾克斯的国家档案馆和巴黎的国家档案馆和国家图书馆的资料来源，每个地点都计划两个月。如果不可能进行现场研究，我还会尽可能地利用哥伦比亚、墨西哥和中美洲(危地马拉)纳西翁档案馆的数字存储，包括美国档案馆的材料。法国和西班牙的报告信将让我深入了解殖民者建立联盟的情况，以及他们对敌人企图建立联盟的恐惧。传教士报告提供了一个额外的角度。西班牙的档案还包括对可疑叛军或入侵者的审判协议。所有这些资料都来自卡洛·金兹伯格所说的“镇压档案”，需要特别注意。我将对安·斯托勒、米歇尔-罗尔夫·特鲁伊洛以及最近的玛丽莎·富恩特斯和赛迪亚·哈特曼的作品中建立的档案来源进行批评。我运用汉斯·范·韦斯关于竞争的观点来阐述法国和西班牙的关系，同时也将帝国视为迪佩什·查克拉巴蒂意义上的“地方化”，为美洲原住民和黑人的行动提供了背景张力。此外，我用劳伦斯·格罗斯的《启示录后压力综合症》和保罗·吉尔罗伊的《黑大西洋》来解释欧洲对我的研究对象的知识传统的影响。考虑到这种相互影响的领域，我认为我的项目是全球历史之一，特别是借鉴了迈克尔·沃纳和贝内迪克特·齐默尔曼的历史。使用这些方法，我制定了一个与简·伯班克和弗雷德里克·库珀的《帝国剧目》相对应的次要行动范围。我的项目不仅在研究几个迄今被学术界忽视的主题方面开辟了新的天地，而且将它们联系在一起，形成了一个连贯的整体。为了分析我的发现，我采用了跨学科的方法，考虑了古典文学、美国原住民研究和文学以及早期现代史的想法。

My project explores the agency of Native American and Black actors in circum-Caribbean frontier zones between the French and Spanish empires during the 'Long 17th Century'. Although the French and Spanish Atlantics have been described by Jane Landers as "intimately linked," scholarship has usually treated them separately. Silvia Espelt-Bombin has also noted a tendency to perceive imperial conflicts only in terms of European diplomacy, neglecting the role of colonial populations. My project counteracts this. It focusses on the period from 1580 to 1720, the apex of the Franco-Spanish conflict, using it as a framework for the subjects examined: sovereign Native American nations, outlaws such as maroons and pirates, and subject or enslaved populations attempting to improve their status through alliance-building in frontier zones like Guyana, Panama, coastal Mexico, and the Caribbean islands. There, Native American and Black communities were often intertwined and difficult to separate. Their relationships to each other were equally important as those to Europeans. Previous scholarship on my topic is limited, but some relevant examples can be delineated. Among the earliest is Panamanian maroons' support for 16th-Century French pirates and later switch of allegiance to guarding the coast against their former allies. Another group in this area vied over by the Spanish and French were the native Kuna. French manoeuvrers against Spain were also coordinated with the Guyana Caribs. In western Hispaniola, a cluster of maroon villages, a buccaneer nest, and a French colony led into another as the French arranged encroachment upon the Spanish with the maroons. Two studies by Arne Bialuschewski also provide strong examples. They show Native Americans joining European-led buccaneer raids, travelling along the Atlantic littoral, and taking part in an attempted alliance with an unconquered Maya kingdom. I will primarily use sources at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Archives nationales d'Outre Mer in Aix-en-Provence, and Archives nationales and Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, planning for two months at each site. As far as possible, I will also include material from American archives, relying on the digital stores of the Archivos General de Nación of Colombia, Mexico, and Central America (Guatemala) if on-site research should be impossible. French and Spanish letters of report will allow me insights into colonisers' alliance-building and their fears about enemy attempts at it. Missionary reports provide an additional angle. Spanish archives also contain trial protocols of suspected rebels or interlopers. All these sources come from what Carlo Ginzburg termed 'archives of the repression,' and require special care. I will practise a critique of archival sources as established in the works of Ann Stoler, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, and more recently Marisa Fuentes and Saidiya Hartman. I apply Hans van Wees's ideas on competition to articulate the Franco-Spanish relationship while also treating the empires as 'provincialised' in Dipesh Chakrabarty's sense, as providing tension that contextualises the actions of Native American and Black subjects. Further, I use Lawrence Gross's 'Postapocalypse Stress Syndrome' and Paul Gilroy's 'Black Atlantic' to account for the European impact upon my subjects' intellectual tradition. Given this field of mutual influence, I consider my project one of global history, specifically drawing upon the 'histoire croisée' of Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann. Using these methods, I formulate a subaltern scope of action corresponding to Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper's 'imperial repertoires.' My project not only breaks new ground in taking on several topics so far neglected by scholarship but ties them together as a coherent whole. To analyse my findings, I employ an interdisciplinary method that considers ideas from Classics, Native American Studies, and Literature as well as those of Early Modern History.