Subaltern Agency and Imperial Rivalry in the Franco-Spanish CircumCaribbean: Native American and Black Actors during the Long 17th Century

我的项目探讨了在“漫长的17世纪”期间法国和西班牙帝国之间的环加勒比边境地区的美洲原住民和黑人演员的机构。虽然简·兰德斯（Jane Landers）将法国和西班牙的学者描述为“密切相关”，但学术界通常将他们分开对待。西尔维娅·埃斯佩尔特-邦宾（Silvia Espelt-Bombin）也注意到一种倾向，即只从欧洲外交的角度来看待帝国主义冲突，而忽视了殖民地人民的作用。我的项目抵消了这个。它集中在1580年至1720年期间，法国-西班牙冲突的顶点，使用它作为研究主题的框架：主权美洲原住民国家，如maroons和海盗，以及试图通过在圭亚那，巴拿马，墨西哥沿海和加勒比群岛等边境地区建立联盟来改善其地位的受奴役人口。在那里，美洲原住民和黑人社区往往交织在一起，难以分开。他们之间的关系和欧洲人之间的关系一样重要。以前对我的主题的研究是有限的，但可以描绘一些相关的例子。最早的例子之一是巴拿马逃亡者对16世纪法国海盗的支持，后来又转而效忠于保卫海岸对抗前盟友。另一个在这个地区被西班牙人和法国人争夺的群体是当地的库纳人。法国对西班牙的军事演习也与圭亚那加勒比人协调。在伊斯帕尼奥拉岛西部，一群栗色的村庄，一个海盗的巢穴，一个法国殖民地，随着法国人与栗色人一起入侵西班牙人，导致了另一个。阿恩·比亚卢舍夫斯基的两项研究也提供了有力的例子。他们展示了美洲原住民加入欧洲人领导的海盗袭击，沿着沿着沿岸的沿岸的旅行，并试图与未被征服的玛雅王国结盟。我将主要利用塞维利亚的印度总档案馆、普罗旺斯地区艾克斯的国家海洋档案馆和巴黎的国家档案馆和国家图书馆的资料，计划在每个地点工作两个月。如果无法进行现场研究，我还将尽可能包括来自美国档案馆的材料，这些材料将依靠哥伦比亚、墨西哥和中美洲（危地马拉）国家档案馆的数字存储。法国和西班牙的报告信件可以让我深入了解殖民者建立联盟的情况，以及他们对敌人企图建立联盟的恐惧。西班牙的档案还包括对叛乱嫌疑人或闯入者的审判记录。所有这些资料都来自卡罗·金斯堡所说的“镇压档案”，需要特别注意。我将对档案资料进行批判，这些资料是在安·斯特朗、米歇尔-罗尔夫·特鲁约以及最近的玛丽莎·富恩特斯和赛迪亚·哈特曼的著作中建立起来的。我申请汉斯货车韦斯的竞争理念，阐明法国和西班牙的关系，同时也治疗帝国的“省级”在Dipesh Chakrabarty的意义上，作为提供紧张局势，contextualises美洲原住民和黑人科目的行动。此外，我使用劳伦斯格罗斯的“后启示录压力综合征”和保罗吉尔罗伊的“黑色大西洋”来解释欧洲对我的主题的知识传统的影响。鉴于这一相互影响的领域，我认为我的项目是全球历史之一，特别是借鉴迈克尔·沃纳和贝内迪克特·齐默尔曼的“交叉历史”。利用这些方法，我制定了一个次级范围的行动对应简伯班克和弗雷德里克库珀的“帝国剧目。“我的项目不仅在迄今为止被学术界忽视的几个主题上开辟了新天地，而且将它们联系在一起作为一个连贯的整体。为了分析我的研究结果，我采用了一种跨学科的方法，考虑了古典文学，美洲原住民研究和文学以及早期现代史的思想。

My project explores the agency of Native American and Black actors in circum-Caribbean frontier zones between the French and Spanish empires during the 'Long 17th Century'. Although the French and Spanish Atlantics have been described by Jane Landers as "intimately linked," scholarship has usually treated them separately. Silvia Espelt-Bombin has also noted a tendency to perceive imperial conflicts only in terms of European diplomacy, neglecting the role of colonial populations. My project counteracts this. It focusses on the period from 1580 to 1720, the apex of the Franco-Spanish conflict, using it as a framework for the subjects examined: sovereign Native American nations, outlaws such as maroons and pirates, and subject or enslaved populations attempting to improve their status through alliance-building in frontier zones like Guyana, Panama, coastal Mexico, and the Caribbean islands. There, Native American and Black communities were often intertwined and difficult to separate. Their relationships to each other were equally important as those to Europeans. Previous scholarship on my topic is limited, but some relevant examples can be delineated. Among the earliest is Panamanian maroons' support for 16th-Century French pirates and later switch of allegiance to guarding the coast against their former allies. Another group in this area vied over by the Spanish and French were the native Kuna. French manoeuvrers against Spain were also coordinated with the Guyana Caribs. In western Hispaniola, a cluster of maroon villages, a buccaneer nest, and a French colony led into another as the French arranged encroachment upon the Spanish with the maroons. Two studies by Arne Bialuschewski also provide strong examples. They show Native Americans joining European-led buccaneer raids, travelling along the Atlantic littoral, and taking part in an attempted alliance with an unconquered Maya kingdom. I will primarily use sources at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, Archives nationales d'Outre Mer in Aix-en-Provence, and Archives nationales and Bibliothèque nationale in Paris, planning for two months at each site. As far as possible, I will also include material from American archives, relying on the digital stores of the Archivos General de Nación of Colombia, Mexico, and Central America (Guatemala) if on-site research should be impossible. French and Spanish letters of report will allow me insights into colonisers' alliance-building and their fears about enemy attempts at it. Missionary reports provide an additional angle. Spanish archives also contain trial protocols of suspected rebels or interlopers. All these sources come from what Carlo Ginzburg termed 'archives of the repression,' and require special care. I will practise a critique of archival sources as established in the works of Ann Stoler, Michel-Rolph Trouillot, and more recently Marisa Fuentes and Saidiya Hartman. I apply Hans van Wees's ideas on competition to articulate the Franco-Spanish relationship while also treating the empires as 'provincialised' in Dipesh Chakrabarty's sense, as providing tension that contextualises the actions of Native American and Black subjects. Further, I use Lawrence Gross's 'Postapocalypse Stress Syndrome' and Paul Gilroy's 'Black Atlantic' to account for the European impact upon my subjects' intellectual tradition. Given this field of mutual influence, I consider my project one of global history, specifically drawing upon the 'histoire croisée' of Michael Werner and Bénédicte Zimmermann. Using these methods, I formulate a subaltern scope of action corresponding to Jane Burbank and Frederick Cooper's 'imperial repertoires.' My project not only breaks new ground in taking on several topics so far neglected by scholarship but ties them together as a coherent whole. To analyse my findings, I employ an interdisciplinary method that considers ideas from Classics, Native American Studies, and Literature as well as those of Early Modern History.