Between social constraint and resourcefulness: access to the labour market of trans women in Lima (Peru)

在社会约束和足智多谋之间：利马（秘鲁）跨性别女性进入劳动力市场的机会

• 批准号: 2578747
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Sussex
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2578747
• 关键词: Between; social; constraint; resourcefulness; access

Access to decent work is a crucial element for human development; however, in severalcountries, trans women confront the most significant challenges to develop successful labourtrajectories due to the prejudice against their gender identity expression. As such,trans women in Peru mostly dedicate to stigmatised economic activities: sex work (64%) andhairdressing (28%), while only 3% works under formal conditions (Salazar et al. 2010). Thissituation is generated by direct discrimination from employers who do not hire them due totheir gender identity and limited access to the education system (Defensoria del Pueblo,2016; No tengo Miedo, 2016). Nevertheless, besides discrimination, other factors explain trans women's labourtrajectories: their gender performance as well as their access to social, cultural, andeconomic capital (Grados, 2014). In that sense, their body's feminisation, the adoption ofsigns of femininity that allow them to be recognised by others in this way (Ekins, 1996),makes the transgression to the heteronormative order more evident, reducing their jobopportunities. The beginning of their feminisation is associated with their access to capital,which is reproduced by their family support and studying higher education opportunities.Therefore, this thesis will focus on comprehending how trans women's gender performanceand access to capital influence their labour trajectories in Lima (Peru).This is a highly unresearched topic in academia, which provides an original contribution tothe existing literature about inequalities by exploring the interlinks between gender identityperformance and the labour market.Moreover, analysing the Peruvian case is pivotal tocomprehend similar dynamics in Latin America.

获得体面工作是人类发展的一个关键因素;然而，在一些国家，跨性别妇女由于其性别认同表达受到偏见，在发展成功的劳动轨迹方面面临最重大的挑战。因此，秘鲁的跨性别妇女大多从事被污名化的经济活动：性工作（64%）和美发（28%），只有3%的人在正规条件下工作（Salazar等人，2010年）。这种情况是由雇主直接歧视造成的，雇主因为他们的性别认同和受教育机会有限而不雇用他们（Defensoria del Pueblo，2016; No tengo Miedo，2016）。然而，除了歧视，其他因素解释了跨性别妇女的劳动轨迹：她们的性别表现以及她们获得社会，文化和经济资本的机会（Grados，2014）。从这个意义上说，她们身体的女性化，女性特征的采用，使她们能够以这种方式被其他人认可（Ekins，1996年），使对异性恋规范秩序的违反更加明显，减少了她们的就业机会。她们女性化的开始与她们获得资本的机会有关，这是通过她们的家庭支持和学习高等教育机会来复制的。因此，本论文将重点理解跨性别妇女的性别表现和获得资本的机会如何影响她们在利马（秘鲁）的劳动轨迹。这是学术界一个非常缺乏研究的话题。该研究通过探索性别认同与劳动力市场之间的相互联系，为现有的不平等文献提供了原创性贡献。此外，分析秘鲁的案例对于理解拉丁美洲的类似动态也至关重要。