Hard water scale formation and mitigation at higher temperatures

高温下硬水垢的形成和缓解

• 批准号: 2582284
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Cambridge
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2582284
• 关键词: Hard; water; scale; formation; mitigation

Electrically powered heat pump systems will play a key role in providing hot water and heating in domestic and commercial installations as the UK moves away from fossil fuels: these systems are already widely used in locations without ready access to natural gas. Heat pumps rely on efficient heat transfer in condensers, which is compromised by the formation of fouling layers (water scale) arising from hardness salts present in the water. Scale formation increases with water temperature: the next generation of heat pump systems aim to deliver water at 85-90C, so sustainable mitigation methods are required that do not require the use of chemical dosage. The key aims of the research are:(i) to develop quantitative models of scale formation in plate heat exchangers under heat pump operating conditions, so that these can be designed to minimise the rate of growth of fouling layers; (ii) to quantify the impact of surface treatment and water pretreatment strategies on fouling rates at these higher temperatures, and (iii) to determine the effectiveness of post-exchanger passive capture technologies to prevent detached scale or fouling precursors from the heated water.

随着英国逐渐放弃化石燃料，电动热泵系统将在家庭和商业设施中提供热水和供暖方面发挥关键作用：这些系统已经在无法随时获得天然气的地区广泛使用。热泵依靠冷凝器中的高效热传递，而冷凝器中的冷凝器由于水中存在的硬度盐而形成污垢(水垢)，从而影响了冷凝器的热传递。水垢的形成随着水温的升高而增加：下一代热泵系统的目标是在85-90摄氏度的温度下输送水，因此需要不需要使用化学剂量的可持续缓解方法。这项研究的主要目的是：(I)开发板式换热器在热泵运行条件下结垢的定量模型，以便将污垢层的增长速度降至最低；(Ii)量化表面处理和水处理策略对较高温度下污垢速率的影响，以及(Iii)确定换热器后被动捕集技术防止污垢或污垢前体从热水中脱落的有效性。