Investigating the Impacts of Multiple Stressors on Marine Ecosystems

气候变化和污染等人为压力源正在迅速侵蚀自然生态系统（Orr等，2020；Kunze等，2021）。了解这些压力源的影响对于预测、管理和减轻影响至关重要。同时发生的压力源可能具有组合的、加性的影响，这是它们各自独立影响的可预测的总和。然而，非加性效应，即协同效应（压力源相互放大）或拮抗效应（压力源相互缓解），是不可预测的（Breitburg， B., Seitzinger， S. & Sanders， J., 1999; Côté， I., Darling， E. & Brown， C., 2016）。随着时间和空间的推移，压力源可能以不同的方式相互作用，改变它们对不同水平的生态系统组织的独立和联合影响（Jackson et al., 2021）。尽管海洋底栖生物和潮间带生态系统提供了广泛的生态系统功能和服务，但对它们的多重压力源影响的研究还不够充分（Pansch & Hiebenthal, 2019）。例如，底栖生态系统在全球碳和养分循环过程中至关重要；潮间带生态系统通常包含生活在其热极限附近的物种，这是气候变化影响的早期指标（Helmuth et al., 2006; Kordas et al., 2014）。这些生态系统面临着无处不在的非生物压力，如上升流和极端潮汐变化，使它们特别容易受到人为压力的影响，包括变暖和污染（Waldbusser和Salisbury， 2014）。然而，多压力源研究经常受到两个关键缺陷的限制：1)研究经常假设压力源是同步发生的；2)研究经常量化应激源对低水平生态系统组织的影响，如生存或丰度（Jackson et al., 2021）。这些缺点降低了多重应激源研究的时间和生物学现实性。全球人为压力源强度的增加要求对多种压力源的研究必须更多地关注海洋生态系统。这一点得到了联合国海洋科学十年和生态系统恢复十年的响应。我的博士学位将探索这一研究空白，重点关注底栖生物和潮间带生态系统，并确保比以前的研究更具有时间和生物现实性。我的目标是为大规模数据收集开发可复制的方法，传播对这一领域的持续、长期关注。

Anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change and pollution, are rapidly eroding natural ecosystems (Orr et al., 2020; Kunze et al., 2021). Understanding the effects of these stressors is imperative for the prediction, management, and mitigation of impacts. Co-occurring stressors may have a combined, additive effect that is a predictable sum of their independent effects. However, non-additive effects, namely synergistic (stressors amplify each other) or antagonistic (stressors mitigate each other), are less predictable (Breitburg, B., Seitzinger, S. & Sanders, J., 1999; Côté, I., Darling, E. & Brown, C., 2016). Stressors may interact in different ways over time and space, changing their independent and combined effects on different levels of ecosystem organisation (Jackson et al., 2021).Multiple stressor impacts on marine benthic and intertidal ecosystems are understudied, despite the range of ecosystem functions and services they provide (Pansch & Hiebenthal, 2019). For instance, benthic ecosystems are vital in global carbon and nutrient cycling processes; and intertidal ecosystems often contain species living near their thermal limit, serving as an early indicator of climate change impacts (Helmuth et al., 2006; Kordas et al., 2014). These ecosystems face ubiquitous abiotic stressors such as upwelling and extreme tidal variability, making them particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors, including warming and pollution (Waldbusser and Salisbury, 2014).However, multiple stressor research is often limited by two key shortcomings: 1) studies frequently assume stressors occur synchronously; 2) studies often quantify stressor effects on low levels of ecosystem organisation, such as survival or abundance (Jackson et al., 2021). Such shortcomings reduce the temporal and biological realism of multiple stressor research.Increasing global intensity of anthropogenic stressors necessitates that multiple stressor research must direct more attention to marine ecosystems. This is echoed by the UN Decade for Ocean Sciences and Decade of Ecosystem Restoration. My DPhil shall explore this research gap, with focus on benthic and intertidal ecosystems, and shall ensure greater temporal and biological realism than previous research. I aim to develop replicable methods for large-scale data collection, to propagate sustained, long-term attention to this area.