"We must carry on": The Jewish Relief Unit, Displaced Persons and Anglo-Jewish Humanitarianism in Postwar Europe.

这个项目将调查并更深入地了解犹太救济队(JRU)不可或缺的角色--一个规模不大但不同凡响的英国救援组织，帮助战后欧洲犹太人大屠杀的幸存者--以及它是如何从根本上塑造流离失所者(DPS)的经历和未来的。通过将JRU作为了解战后世界的窗口，该项目将对救援人员和DPS对更广泛的战后发展的贡献产生更细微的了解，并考虑这些群体对彼此产生的相互作用和长期影响。这个项目将有助于加深对难民研究、盎格鲁-犹太人道主义和英国对大屠杀的反应的了解。它解决了当前学术中的两个重大漏洞：历史上将DPS和救援人员的声音排除在那个时期更广泛的历史之外，更具体地说，是几乎完全忽视了JRU。它以四个研究问题为指导。第一个问题将利用思想史的方法来关注JRU雇用的人员，询问阶级、国籍、政治信仰和性别等因素如何影响这些救援人员的经历和方法。对于许多DPS来说，救援人员代表着在一个极不稳定的时期的稳定支柱。作为DPS与外部世界的主要联系，JRU人员对与他们互动的人的发展和被感知的方式产生了真正的影响。因此，对JRU人员的彻底检查将进一步加深我们对救援工作的了解，不仅是如何协助救援的，而且是由谁以及为什么协助救援的。这一最初的重点将为该项目的第二个研究问题提供信息，该问题将利用JRU的人员档案、幸存者证词和回忆录来询问JRU及其现场工作人员的方法和意识形态对DPS及其身份重建有什么切实的、长期的影响。该项目的第三个指导性研究问题将更广泛地考虑该机构，利用其组织和行政记录来询问该组织作为一个整体如何为战后格局的发展做出贡献。通过实地一些关键人物的视角来探讨这一问题，该项目将突出当代事态发展(如以色列的建立)的多方面性质，加强方案和救济工作人员的参与，并使这些群体本身作为雄心勃勃的贡献者重新回到历史叙事中。这将挑战一种过时的趋势，即把DPS描述为一个同质和依赖的群体，是他们周围情况的产物--这一趋势继续错误地告知目前有关难民的言论。最后，第四个研究问题将考虑JRU如何更普遍地适应战后人道主义的环境。它询问JRU如何借鉴其他组织的做法，以及该组织及其活动如何体现当时人道主义领域的更广泛发展。特别是，它将侧重于JRU的不同之处，并开辟了自己的道路。为了回答这些问题，该项目将采用综合方法，结合知识、社会和文化史的方法论。借鉴思想史，它不仅将追溯为该机构及其人员提供信息和指导的思想，而且将这些思想与更广泛的战后环境和盎格鲁-犹太人道主义的发展联系起来。在此基础上，它将利用社会和文化历史来分析这些想法如何体现在JRU的活动中，以及它们的强大和长期影响。特别是，它将使用社会网络分析框架来探索JRU的方法对DPS身份重建的重大影响。

This project will investigate and create a deeper understanding of the indispensable role of the Jewish Relief Unit (JRU) - a small but remarkable British relief organisation that helped Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in postwar Europe - and the ways in which it fundamentally shaped the experience and future of Displaced Persons (DPs). By using the JRU as a window into the postwar world, this project will create a more nuanced understanding of the contribution of relief workers and DPs to the wider postwar developments and consider the reciprocal, long-lasting impact that these groups had on each other. This project will contribute to furthering understanding of refugee studies, Anglo-Jewish humanitarianism and British responses to the Holocaust. It addresses two significant lacunae in the current scholarship: the historic exclusion of DPs and relief workers' voices from the wider histories of the period, and, more specifically, the near-total neglect of the JRU. It is guided by four research questions. The first question will utilise the methodology of intellectual history to focus on the personnel employed by the JRU, asking how factors such as class, nationality, political beliefs, and gender shaped the experience and approach of these relief workers. For many DPs, relief workers represented a pillar of stability in a period of great uncertainty. As DPs' primary connection to the outside world, the JRU personnel exerted a real influence on the ways that those they interacted with developed and were perceived. Thus, a thorough examination of the JRU personnel will further our understanding of not just how relief was facilitated but by whom, and why. This initial focus will inform the project's second research question, which will draw on the JRU's personnel files, survivor testimony, and memoirs to ask what the tangible, long-term impact of the methods and ideology of the JRU and its field workers was on DPs and their identity reconstruction. The project's third guiding research question will consider the institution more broadly, utilising its organisational and administrative records to ask how the organisation as a whole contributed to the developments of the postwar landscape. By approaching this question through the eyes of some of the key people on the ground, this project will highlight the multi-faceted nature of contemporary developments (such as the creation of Israel), reinforce the engagement of both DPs and relief workers, and reinstate these groups into the historic narrative as ambitious contributors in their own right. This will challenge the outdated trend of presenting DPs as a homogenous and dependent group who were products of the situation around them - a trend which continues to falsely inform discourse about refugees in the present. Finally, the fourth research question will consider how the JRU fits in to the environment of postwar humanitarianism more generally. It asks how the JRU drew its approach from other organisations and how the organisation and its activities exemplify wider developments in the field of humanitarianism at that time. In particular, it will focus on the ways in which the JRU differed and carved its own path. To undertake these questions, this project will utilise an integrated approach, combining the methodologies of intellectual, social and cultural history. Drawing on intellectual history, it will not only trace the ideas which informed and guided the institution and its personnel, but contextualise these ideas in the wider postwar environment and the development of Anglo-Jewish humanitarianism. Leading on from this, it will draw on social and cultural history to analyse how these ideas manifested in the JRU's activities, and their powerful, long-term impact. In particular, it will use a framework of social network analysis to explore the significant effect of the JRU's approach on DPs' identity reconstruction.