Ammonia (NH3) in the marine atmosphere and impact on aerosols (Ref:4299)

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Project Background:Atmospheric particles (aerosols) are key to the Earth's climate and affect air quality. Ammonia (NH3) is oneof the principal precursor gases to aerosols (forming particulate ammonium, NH4+) and the primary base inthe atmosphere, neutralising acids and facilitating new particle formation. Over the last few decades,pollution regulations (e.g. Clean Air Acts) have significantly reduced the emissions of acidic aerosolprecursors in Europe and North America, including sulphur and nitrogen oxides emitted from fossil fuelcombustion. However, NH3 emissions, driven largely by agriculture, have hardly decreased. This hasresulted in long-term changes in aerosol pH and chemistry that are not well understood. Additionally, welack understanding of natural NH3 sources. Oceanic NH4+ may be a key source of NH3 to the marineatmosphere, depending on biogeochemistry, water temperature and water pH. Estimates of air-sea NH3flux on a regional/global scale are severely hampered by a) a paucity of marine atmospheric NH3observations, and b) a lack of mechanistic studies of air-water NH3 exchange processes. As a result, NH3 isnot well represented in global climate models and its impact is poorly constrained or neglected.Project Aims and Methods:It is envisaged that this PhD project will combine long-term ambient observations, laboratory experiments,and an Earth System Model to significantly improve our understandings in atmospheric NH3 cycling, oceanicNH3 emissions, and the impact of NH3 on aerosols. The student is encouraged to define the proportionalfocus of the PhD. Some examples of research questions may be:1. What are the concentrations of atmospheric NH3 and aerosol NH4+in different airmasses (e.g.marine Atlantic, mainland Europe, Arctic) and how do they vary seasonally?2. Does air-sea NH3 exchange behave as predicted according to existing theory (as a function of watertemperature and pH) and is the ocean a large source of NH3 to the marine atmosphere?3. What are the impacts of (ocean-derived) NH3 on marine aerosols and clouds?4. How will oceanic NH3 emission change in the future and what feedback may that have on marine aerosols, clouds and climate?