Are detainees in Scotland getting a fair trial? An interdisciplinary and empirical evaluation of the treatment of suspects in police custody in Scotla

苏格兰的被拘留者是否得到公平审判？

• 批准号: 2714460
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2714460
• 关键词: detainees; Scotland; getting; fair; trial

Owing to the impact of the European Convention of Human Rights on the criminal justice system in the UK, Scotland has undergone quite recent and radical change, most notably in the treatment of suspects in custody. This change, in line with Article 6 and the decision of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Saladuz v Turkey, has enshrined suspects' access to free legal advice as an essential tenet of fair trial.This was implemented in Scotland as recently as 2010 through the Supreme Court decision of Cadder v HM Advocate. The ruling prompted the enactment of emergency legislation to right the apparent wrongs in the existing legislative framework. However, the hasty passing of these significant changes tended away from positive reform and instead served to disrupt the proper administration of justice. It is in this context that a number of reports were commissioned, including the Carloway Review. The focus of the review was to examine the practical impact of this radical alteration of the legislative position in Scotland. Ultimately it was observed that the implementation of these new measures had interfered with the administration of justice, leaving room for uncertainty and therefore inconsistency in the application of the Article 6 safeguards. Despite many of Lord Carloway's resulting recommendations being realised in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2016, it has nonetheless remained the case that these legislative protections have not comprehensively supported access to fair trial, with an alarmingly high percentage of suspects continuing not to receive legal advice or representation whilst in custody.A further report was carried out by JUSTICE Scotland in 2018, with whom this study is in collaboration, which concluded that inadequate measures were being taken to ensure that individuals were properly having legal advice offered to them. This conclusion was reached by an examination of the quality of legal advice on offer, how the option was communicated to suspects and the reasons influencing the decision to waive the right amongst other variables. Whilst a further list of recommendations was made and many of them acted upon, the issue still remains of a low uptake of legal advice by individuals in custody.This study aims to remedy this and build on previous research by making a comprehensive and interdisciplinary analysis of what additional factors continue to influence the trend in low uptake of legal advice in custody. First of all, through a psychological analysis of the interrogation process. The intention in doing so is to allow a greater focus on provision for vulnerable witnesses and those with special needs in accessing legal representation; something that the research aforementioned has only briefly touched upon. In addition to this, to consider in greater detail the psychological impact of the custody environment upon suspects' decision-making process and the exercise of the right to effective participation.The final element of this interdisciplinary study is to be achieved through fieldwork. This will be carried out in custody environments, directly observing the nature of the interrogation process, its duration, the impact of a lawyer or appropriate adult's presence, the circumstances of evoking the exceptional right to interview without the presence of a legal advisor amongst other issues. The intended outcome is to generate the understanding necessary to formulate procedural measures that directly respond to the suspects' experience in custody and therefore offer them tangible access to fair trial and for the dictum in Cadder to be fully implemented. Owing to the already significant impact of the work of JUSTICE in influencing policy in this area, this research may be focused on directly impacting the experience of suspects who, whilst deprived of their liberty, may have not otherwise been able to properly exercise their rights.

由于《欧洲人权公约》对英国刑事司法系统的影响，苏格兰最近发生了根本性的变化，最显着的是在押嫌疑人的待遇方面。这一变化符合第 6 条和欧洲人权法院大分庭在 Saladuz 诉土耳其案中的裁决，将嫌疑人获得免费法律咨询作为公平审判的基本原则。苏格兰最高法院于 2010 年通过最高法院在 Cadder 诉 HM Advocate 案中的裁决实施了这一原则。该裁决促使紧急立法的颁布，以纠正现有立法框架中的明显错误。然而，这些重大变革的仓促通过往往偏离了积极的改革，反而破坏了正确的司法管理。正是在这种背景下，委托撰写了许多报告，包括《卡洛韦评论》。审查的重点是审查苏格兰立法地位的彻底改变的实际影响。最终指出，这些新措施的实施干扰了司法行政，造成了不确定性，从而导致第六条保障措施的适用不一致。尽管卡洛韦勋爵提出的许多建议在 2016 年《刑事司法（苏格兰）法案》中得到落实，但这些立法保护仍然未能全面支持公平审判，嫌疑人在羁押期间仍然没有得到法律建议或代理的比例高得惊人。苏格兰司法局与本研究合作，于 2018 年发表了进一步的报告，该报告的结论是： 正在采取措施确保个人得到适当的法律咨询。这一结论是通过检查所提供的法律建议的质量、如何向嫌疑人传达该选择以及影响放弃权利决定的原因以及其他变量而得出的。虽然提出了进一步的建议清单，并且其中许多建议得到了落实，但被拘留者对法律建议的接受率较低的问题仍然存在。本研究旨在纠正这一问题，并以先前的研究为基础，对哪些其他因素继续影响在押人员对法律建议的低接受率趋势进行全面和跨学科的分析。首先，通过对审讯过程的心理分析。这样做的目的是为了更加注重为弱势证人和在获得法律代表方面有特殊需要的人提供服务；前面提到的研究只是简单地触及了这一点。除此之外，更详细地考虑羁押环境对犯罪嫌疑人决策过程和有效参与权行使的心理影响。这项跨学科研究的最后一个要素是通过实地考察来实现。这将在拘留环境中进行，直接观察审讯过程的性质、持续时间、律师或适当成年人在场的影响、在没有法律顾问在场的情况下唤起特殊权利接受面谈的情况等。预期的结果是形成必要的理解，以制定直接回应嫌疑人在押经历的程序措施，从而为他们提供切实获得公平审判的机会，并使卡德案的判决得到充分执行。由于司法部的工作在影响这一领域的政策方面已经产生了重大影响，因此这项研究可能会集中于直接影响嫌疑人的经历，这些嫌疑人虽然被剥夺了自由，但可能无法适当地行使其权利。