Are detainees in Scotland getting a fair trial? An interdisciplinary and empirical evaluation of the treatment of suspects in police custody in Scotla

苏格兰的被拘留者是否得到公平审判？

• 批准号: 2714460
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Warwick
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2714460
• 关键词: detainees; Scotland; getting; fair; trial

Owing to the impact of the European Convention of Human Rights on the criminal justice system in the UK, Scotland has undergone quite recent and radical change, most notably in the treatment of suspects in custody. This change, in line with Article 6 and the decision of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights in Saladuz v Turkey, has enshrined suspects' access to free legal advice as an essential tenet of fair trial.This was implemented in Scotland as recently as 2010 through the Supreme Court decision of Cadder v HM Advocate. The ruling prompted the enactment of emergency legislation to right the apparent wrongs in the existing legislative framework. However, the hasty passing of these significant changes tended away from positive reform and instead served to disrupt the proper administration of justice. It is in this context that a number of reports were commissioned, including the Carloway Review. The focus of the review was to examine the practical impact of this radical alteration of the legislative position in Scotland. Ultimately it was observed that the implementation of these new measures had interfered with the administration of justice, leaving room for uncertainty and therefore inconsistency in the application of the Article 6 safeguards. Despite many of Lord Carloway's resulting recommendations being realised in the Criminal Justice (Scotland) Act 2016, it has nonetheless remained the case that these legislative protections have not comprehensively supported access to fair trial, with an alarmingly high percentage of suspects continuing not to receive legal advice or representation whilst in custody.A further report was carried out by JUSTICE Scotland in 2018, with whom this study is in collaboration, which concluded that inadequate measures were being taken to ensure that individuals were properly having legal advice offered to them. This conclusion was reached by an examination of the quality of legal advice on offer, how the option was communicated to suspects and the reasons influencing the decision to waive the right amongst other variables. Whilst a further list of recommendations was made and many of them acted upon, the issue still remains of a low uptake of legal advice by individuals in custody.This study aims to remedy this and build on previous research by making a comprehensive and interdisciplinary analysis of what additional factors continue to influence the trend in low uptake of legal advice in custody. First of all, through a psychological analysis of the interrogation process. The intention in doing so is to allow a greater focus on provision for vulnerable witnesses and those with special needs in accessing legal representation; something that the research aforementioned has only briefly touched upon. In addition to this, to consider in greater detail the psychological impact of the custody environment upon suspects' decision-making process and the exercise of the right to effective participation.The final element of this interdisciplinary study is to be achieved through fieldwork. This will be carried out in custody environments, directly observing the nature of the interrogation process, its duration, the impact of a lawyer or appropriate adult's presence, the circumstances of evoking the exceptional right to interview without the presence of a legal advisor amongst other issues. The intended outcome is to generate the understanding necessary to formulate procedural measures that directly respond to the suspects' experience in custody and therefore offer them tangible access to fair trial and for the dictum in Cadder to be fully implemented. Owing to the already significant impact of the work of JUSTICE in influencing policy in this area, this research may be focused on directly impacting the experience of suspects who, whilst deprived of their liberty, may have not otherwise been able to properly exercise their rights.

由于《欧洲人权公约》对联合王国刑事司法制度的影响，苏格兰最近发生了根本性的变化，最明显的是在对待在押嫌疑人方面。根据第6条和欧洲人权法院大法庭在Saladuz诉土耳其一案中的裁决，这一变化将嫌疑人获得免费法律的咨询作为公平审判的一项基本原则，最近在2010年通过最高法院对Cadder诉HM Advocate一案的裁决在苏格兰实施。这项裁决促使颁布了紧急立法，以纠正现有立法框架中的明显错误。然而，这些重大变革的仓促通过往往偏离了积极的改革，反而扰乱了适当的司法行政。正是在这一背景下，委托编写了一些报告，包括《卡洛威评论》。审查的重点是审查苏格兰立法立场的这种根本改变的实际影响。最后，有人指出，这些新措施的实施干扰了司法工作，留下了不确定的余地，因此在适用第六条保障措施方面存在不一致的情况。尽管卡洛威勋爵提出的许多建议在刑事司法中得到了实现，尽管如此，这些立法保护并没有全面支持获得公平审判的权利，令人震惊的是，高比例的嫌疑人在被拘留期间仍然没有得到法律的建议或代表。该研究报告的结论是，没有采取充分的措施来确保向个人适当提供法律的咨询。这一结论是通过审查所提供的法律的咨询意见的质量、如何向嫌疑人传达这一选择以及影响放弃权利决定的原因等变量得出的。虽然提出了进一步的建议清单，其中许多人采取了行动，这个问题仍然是一个低摄取的法律的意见，由个人被拘留，这项研究旨在纠正这一点，并建立在以前的研究，作出全面和跨学科的分析，有哪些其他因素继续影响低摄取的法律的意见，在羁押的趋势。首先，通过对讯问过程的心理分析。这样做的目的是更加注重为弱势证人和有特殊需要的人提供获得法律的代理的机会;上述研究只是简要地谈到了这一点。除此之外，更详细地考虑羁押环境对嫌疑人决策过程和有效参与权行使的心理影响，这一跨学科研究的最后一项内容将通过实地考察来实现。这将在拘留环境中进行，直接观察审讯过程的性质、持续时间、律师或适当成年人在场的影响、在没有法律的顾问在场的情况下行使特别面谈权的情况等问题。预期的结果是产生必要的理解，以制定程序措施，直接回应嫌疑人在拘留中的经历，从而为他们提供获得公平审判的切实机会，并使卡德案的意见得到充分执行。由于司法组织的工作在影响这一领域的政策方面已经产生了重大影响，这项研究可能侧重于直接影响嫌疑人的经历，这些嫌疑人虽然被剥夺了自由，但可能无法以其他方式适当行使其权利。