Can the 'geometry of crime' develop understandings of children's youth justice journey making?

许多进入青少年司法系统的儿童已经经历了严重的社会经济劣势和多种复杂的（未满足的）需求/问题，例如，贫困、忽视、虐待、歧视和排斥（案例2021）。这些不利因素因YJS接触而变得更加复杂，因为它们可能会对访问（例如物理，经济）和参与系统支持机制造成障碍（Brooks-Wilson 2019），而迟到和缺席强制性会议可能会受到惩罚（YJB 2019 a）。然而，青少年司法系统中儿童的多重复杂需求（如心理健康问题）可能使更多的旅行、访问和服务获得变得更加必要，进一步加剧了获得和参与问题。此外，进入YJS的MCNS儿童从其旅行的规律性/必要性中获得的当地知识程度可能不同，例如，如果他们在照顾中并需要多个照顾安置-鼓励全面的当地知识，与生活贫困的儿童相比（可能访问较少的目的地/交通工具有限-产生有限的当地知识）。虽然YJS中患有MCN的社会弱势儿童的普遍性有很好的记录，但他们的个人和社会环境对当地导航和服务访问的影响研究不足。加强对青年司法之旅的理解，当代青年司法实践高度分散，多机构，单一地点的团队（YOTS）将借调的工作人员释放回上级组织，对儿童参观多个实践环境提出强制性要求（YJB 2019 b）。此外，密集的社区服刑要求每周多达25小时的接触时间和在多个地点的出勤。因此，儿童在沿着的青年正义之旅中可以有多个目的地（例如，前往团体小巴收集点进行社区修复），通常需要习惯性的“心理地图”和复杂的当地知识（Brooks-Wilson 2020 a，B）在评估中很少承认，而且经常（错误地）假设，儿童导航能力判断和通道支持提供（YJB 2019 a）.“犯罪几何学”（GOC）提供了一个理论框架，以发掘有关儿童的旅程导航和获得青年司法支持的新知识在更广泛的日常生活习惯导航（Reid et al 2014）。GOC建议：熟悉旅程，目的地，当地地区，地标边界（例如无法通行的铁路线）和交叉路口（如路口、公交车站）为成功的定位导航生成“心理地图”（Andresen 2020）;人寿变动事故（例如冒犯）催化新的、不熟悉的旅程，这些旅程可能是复杂的、有压力的，需要更多的技能来驾驭。（施密特等人，2015年），因此，当服务访问，目标和参与一起考虑时，可以实现最佳的服务交付。研究问题：1. GOC如何提高对儿童如何驾驭青年司法之旅的理解？2.如何通过关于儿童如何浏览YJS的新知识来完善政策/实践？3.如何利用以儿童为中心的方法来检查GOC，并为YJS中与儿童的合作提供信息？

Many children entering the Youth Justice System (YJS) have already experienced significant socio-economic disadvantage and multiple complex (unmet) needs/problems stemming from, for example, poverty, neglect, abuse, discrimination and victimisation (Case 2021). These disadvantages are compounded by YJS contact as they can present barriers to access (e.g. physical, economic) and engagement with systemic support mechanisms (Brooks-Wilson 2019), whilst lateness and absence from mandatory meetings can in punishment (YJB 2019a). However, the multiple complex needs (MCNS) of children in the YJS (e.g. mental health issues) can make additional journeys, visits and service access more necessary, further compounding access and engagement problems. Moreover, children with MCNS entering the YJS can differ in the extent of their local knowledge garnered from the regularity/necessity of their journeys, for example, if they are in care and requiring multiple care placements-encouraging comprehensive local knowledge, compared to those living in poverty (potentially visiting fewer destinations/having limited transport access-generating limited local knowledge). Whilst the prevalence of socially-disadvantaged children with MCNs in the YJS is well-documented, the local navigational and service access implications of their attendant personal and social circumstances are under-researched.The 'Geometry of Crime': Enhancing understandings of youth justice journeys, contemporary youth justice practice is highly dispersed with multi-agency, single-sited teams (YOTS) releasing seconded staff back to parent organisations, producing compulsory requirements for children to visit multiple practice settings (YJB 2019b). Furthermore, intensive community sentences require up to 25 hours weekly contact time and attendance at multiple sites. Consequently, children can have multiple destination points along their youth justice journey (e.g. travelling to a group minibus collection point for community reparation), often requiring a quality of habitual 'mental maps' and complicated local knowledge (Brooks-Wilson 2020a, b) Carely acknowledged and often (wrongly) assumed in assessments, judgements of children's navigational competency and access support provision (YJB 2019a).The 'Geometry of Crime' (GOC) provides a theoretical framework to unearth new knowledge regarding children's navigation of their journeys through and access to youth justice support in the broader their habitual navigation of everyday life (Reid et al 2014). The GOC suggests that:familiarity with journeys, destinations, local areas, landmarks boundaries (e.g. impassable railway lines) and intersections (e.g. road junctions, bus stations) produces 'mental maps' for successful locality-setting navigation (Andresen 2020); life changing events (e.g. offending) catalyse new, unfamiliar journeys that can be complex, stressful and require more skills to navigate (Schmitt et al 2015), so optimal service delivery is achieved when service access, targeting and engagement are considered together. Research questions: 1. How can the GOC improve understandings of how children navigate their youth justice journeys? 2. How can policy/practice be refined through new knowledge on how children navigate the YJS? 3. How can child-centric methodologies be utilised to examine the GOC and inform collaborative working with children in the YJS?