Future proofing urban neighbourhoods - Evaluating the roleof community co-design in delivering multipleenvironmental and social benefits from flood re

长期的全球气候变化和土地利用变化导致的极端天气模式增加了城市洪水的频率、分布和强度。这不仅威胁到人类的生命（Richard, 2016），它还对经济和社会发展产生了连锁反应，全球每年洪水破坏和相关损失的成本估计超过1040亿美元（Kundzewicz et al., 2014）。洪水被列为英国最严重的自然灾害，超过六分之一的房产（总共约500万处房产）和全国很大比例的关键基础设施面临风险（环境署，2015年）。据估计，2015年至2016年期间，洪水事件给英国经济造成了16亿英镑的损失（环境署，2018年）。此外，洪水会给社区造成相当大的问题（Lo和Chan， 2017），并扰乱人们的生活，对他们的身心健康和福祉产生重大影响（Tapsell和Tunstall， 2008）。蓝绿基础设施（BGI）是城市区域内自然或半自然区域的战略规划网络，而基于自然的解决方案（NBS）是应对涉及与自然合作的挑战的方法，它们在让城市适应气候变化和减轻洪水影响方面的作用日益得到认可（欧盟委员会，2013年；斯科特等人，2017年；埃弗雷特等人，2018年）。此外，华大基因和国家统计局可以带来额外的好处，例如促进更健康的生活方式，从而提高福祉，支持绿色经济，改善生物多样性和生态恢复力，改善水质和减缓气候变化（英国绿色建筑119委员会，2015；李乐等，2020）。因此，英格兰最近发布的洪水管理战略强调需要采取比传统使用的灰色基础设施更广泛的行动，并要求在气候适应能力强的地方纳入国家统计局（英国政府，2020年）。越来越多的人认为，增加社区参与可以改善洪水风险管理（FRM）项目的结果，其好处包括：将本地知识整合到解决方案中（Lane et al.,2011）；局部阻力降低（Thaler和Levin-Keitel，2016）；提高信任（Begg等人，2015；Mehring等人，2018）；并提高了社区的长期恢复力（Laurien等人，2020；McEwen等人，2018）。此外，社区参与可能会带来更广泛的环境和社会效益，如更大的机构、公民参与和社会凝聚力。尽管如此，参与城市规划的进展仍然缓慢，缺乏合作和共同设计的机会经常阻碍社区的积极参与（Wilker等人，2016）。此外，最近的研究强调，在动机、能力和能力存在差异的多样化和高度流动的社区中公平参与存在挑战（Harrison等人，2021）。该博士项目将与野生鸟类和湿地信托基金会合作，研究如何利用社区研究和共同设计来为华大基因和国家统计局管理洪水风险和创建有弹性的社区提供信息。它将采取一种参与性和面向行动的方法，旨在使居民公平参与，并与他们作为研究人员一起评估该方法的环境和社会效益

Extreme weather patterns caused by long-term globalclimate change coupled with land use change has increasedthe frequency, distribution and intensity of urban flooding.Not only does this threaten human life (Richard, 2016), italso has knock-on effects for both economic and socialdevelopment, with the cost of flood damage and associatedlosses estimated at over $104 billion per year globally(Kundzewicz et al., 2014).Flooding is ranked as the UK's most serious natural hazard,with more than one in six properties (around five millionproperties in total) and a high percentage of the nation'skey infrastructure at risk (Environment Agency, 2015).During 2015-16, flood events were estimated to have costthe British economy £1.6 billion (Environment Agency,2018). Additionally, flooding can cause considerableproblems for communities (Lo and Chan, 2017) anddisruption to people's lives that can have a significantimpact upon their physical and mental health and well-being (Tapsell and Tunstall, 2008). The role of Blue Green Infrastructure (BGI), the strategicallyplanned network of natural or semi natural areas withinurban areas and Nature Based Solutions (NBS), approachesto challenges that involve working with nature, areincreasingly recognised for their role in allowing cities toadapt to climate change and mitigate the impacts offlooding is increasingly recognised (European Commission,2013; Scott et al., 2017; Everett et al., 2018). Furthermore, BGI and NBS can bring additional benefitssuch as promoting healthier lifestyles that lead toincreased well-being, supporting the green economy,improving biodiversity and ecological resilience, improvingwater quality and climate change mitigation (UK GreenBuilding 119 Council, 2015; Le Li et al., 2020). As a result,England's recently published Flood Management strategy highlights the need for a broader range of actions than thegrey infrastructure traditionally used, and mandatesincorporation of NBS for climate resilient places (UKGovernment, 2020).There is also a growing consensus that increasedcommunity involvement improves the results of Flood RiskManagement (FRM) projects, with benefits including;integration of local knowledge into solutions (Lane et al.,2011); decreased local resistance (Thaler and Levin-Keitel,2016); improved trust (Begg et al., 2015; Mehring et al.,2018); and increased long-term community resilience(Laurien et al., 2020; McEwen et al., 2018). Furthermore, itis likely that community involvement may lead to widerenvironmental and social benefits such as greater agency,civic engagement and social cohesion. Despite this,progress regarding participation in urban planning remainsslow, with a lack of collaboration and co-designopportunities frequently preventing active participation ofcommunities (Wilker et al., 2016). Furthermore, recent workhas highlighted that there are challenges of equitablyengaging across diverse and highly mobile communities,with differences in motivations, capabilities and capacity(Harrison et al., 2021).Working with the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust, this PhDproject will investigate how community research and co-design can be used to inform BGI and NBS efforts tomanage floods risk and create resilient communities. It willtake a participatory and action-oriented approach whichaims to equitably engage residents and work with them asco-researchers to evaluate the environmental and socialbenefits of the approach