From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter: Racism and Anti-Racism within British football fanzines and fan websites, 1970-present

从Viv Anderson到Black Lives Matter将捕捉到从20世纪70年代到现在，纸媒和在线粉丝/网站是如何再现和挑战英国足球中的主导种族话语的。它将基于对独立的和俱乐部为基础的粉丝和网站的案例研究，这些网站来自大英图书馆50年来的藏品。“谈论英国人或英国人就是谈论白人”(Gilroy，1993)。我们国家最受欢迎的运动-足球-的历史上充斥着公开或隐蔽的种族主义例子，这并不令人惊讶。社会学中一个充满活力的研究机构研究了这种种族主义是如何经历和表达的(Back等人)。2001年；Burdsey 2007；2011；Carrington 2008；Cleland and Cashmore 2014；Ratna 2014)。遗憾的是，当代历史学家在很大程度上仍未触及这一重要问题。为了弥补这一历史空白，《从Viv Anderson到Black Lives Matter》将记录从20世纪70年代到现在，纸媒和在线球迷/网站是如何再现和挑战英国足球中的主导种族话语的。基于对独立的和俱乐部为基础的粉丝和网站的案例研究，这些网站来自50年来的BL收藏品，它将迫使我们重新考虑现有的学术研究。通过对关键历史时刻的反应进行法医分析(见下文)，它将扩大我们对粉丝群体中种族主义和反种族主义的历时表达的认识和理解。值得注意的是，这将揭示印刷和数字文化是如何随着时间的推移而发展的，并评估它们对当前的影响。该项目将有两个不同的方法部分：1.围绕关键历史时刻的反应的一系列案例研究。从1978年第一位为英格兰队效力的黑人球员Viv Anderson开始，这些时刻可能涵盖1970年代末/1980年代初国民阵线的干预；对1993年第一位英格兰足球队队长Paul Ince的回应；反种族主义团体和运动的出现；1995年博斯曼的裁决和非英国球员在联盟中的崛起；与足球有关的仇视伊斯兰的社会运动的出现，如英格兰防卫联盟和足球少年联盟/民主足球少年联盟；一直到最近的黑人生命也是运动。基于图书馆的研究，以确定与足球迷和英国网络档案馆内的相关材料，包括两个重叠的阶段。第一项涉及定位、整理和进一步编目从20世纪70年代至今大英图书馆藏品中提取的原始材料。第二个涉及归纳定性内容分析(Krippendorff，2019年)。这项档案研究可以作为口述历史的补充(Leavy，2011)，包括对粉丝和在线社区的创建者和贡献者以及反种族主义组织的代表(例如，《踢出去》和《展示种族主义红牌》)进行半结构化访谈。研究问题包括：-印刷品粉丝何时以及为什么第一次接触种族主义陈述？-印刷品和数字文化在粉丝社区内(重新)制造种族主义方面扮演了什么角色？-某些粉丝和网站何时、为什么以及如何挑战种族主义？-新的数字技术在种族主义和反种族主义内容的创作、发行和体验中发挥了什么作用？-大英图书馆持有的印刷出版物和存档网站(主要是英国网络档案馆)带来了哪些档案和方法上的机遇和挑战，如何解决这些问题，并提高它们的访问和知名度？

From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter' will capture how print and online fanzines/websites have both reproduced and challenged dominant racial discourses within British football from the 1970s to the present. It will be based on case studies of independent and club-based fanzines and websites drawn from the British Library's collections over a 50-year period.'To speak of the British or English people is to speak of white people' (Gilroy, 1993). That the history of 'our nation's' most popular sport - football - is replete with examples of overt / covert racism comes as no surprise. A vibrant body of research within sociology has examined how this racism is experienced and expressed (Back et al. 2001; Burdsey 2007; 2011; Carrington 2008; Cleland and Cashmore 2014; Ratna 2014). Regrettably, this important issue remains largely untouched by contemporary historians. To address this historiographical lacuna, 'From Viv Anderson to Black Lives Matter' will capture how print and online fanzines/websites have both reproduced and challenged dominant racial discourses within British football from the 1970s to the present. Based on case studies of independent and club-based fanzines and websites drawn from the BL's collections over a 50-year period, it will force us to reconsider existing scholarship. Through forensic analysis of responses to key historical moments (see below), it will expand our knowledge and understanding of diachronic expressions of racism and anti-racism within fan communities. Significantly, this will reveal how printed and digital cultures have developed over time and assess their impact on the present.The project will have two distinct methodological components:1. A series of case studies scaffolded around responses to key historical moments. Starting with Viv Anderson, the first black player to play for the men's senior England team in 1978, these moments might cover the intervention of the National Front in the late 1970s/early 1980s; responses to Paul Ince, the first black player to captain the England football team in 1993; the emergence of antiracist groups and campaigns; the Bosman ruling in 1995 and the rise of non-British players in the leagues; the emergence of football-related Islamophobic social movements, such as the English Defence League and the Football Lads Alliance/Democratic Football Lads Alliance; through to the recent Black Lives Matter campaign.2. Library-based research to identify relevant material with the holdings of football fanzines and within the UK Web Archive, comprising two overlapping phases. The first involves locating, collating, and further cataloguing of source materials drawn from British Library collections from the 1970s to the present day. The second involves inductive qualitative content analysis (Krippendorff, 2019). This archival research could be supplemented with oral history (Leavy, 2011), involving semi-structured interviews with creators of, and contributors to, the fanzines and online communities, as well as with representatives drawn from anti-racist organisations (e.g., 'Kick it Out' and 'Show Racism the Red Card'). Research questions include: - When, and why, did print fanzines first engage with racist representations? - What role have both print and digital cultures played in the (re)production of racism within fan communities? - When, why, and how did certain fanzines and websites challenge racism? - What role have new digital technologies played in the creation, circulation, and experience of both racist and anti-racist content? - What are the archival and methodological opportunities and challenges presented by the British Library's holdings of print publications and archived websites (primarily the UK Web Archive), and how can these be addressed, and their access and profile enhanced?