Transness and Transition in Twentieth-Century British Medical Science Before Transsexuality, 1920-1966

变性之前二十世纪英国医学的变性和转变，1920-1966

• 批准号: 2750984
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2750984
• 关键词: Transness; Transition; Twentieth; Century; British

The present system of British gender-affirming healthcare is generally thought to originate with Charing Cross' Gender Identity Clinic in 1966, where psychiatrist John Randell began treating 'transsexuals' with the endocrinological and surgical 'sex-reassignment' prescribed by the 'father of transsexualism,' U.S. sexologist Harry Benjamin. Since the mid-century, transsexual medicine has dominated how we think about trans life and medical transition; to historicise 'transsexuality' was to trace its inevitable emergence in twentieth-century medical science. Following the path broken by U.S. historians Gill-Peterson, Aizura, and Amin, I undertake a 'pre-transsexual' history of twentieth-century British science and medicine. I ask: through what theories, technologies, and practices did British transness articulate itself before 'transsexuality' or 'gender' entered the clinic?This investigation is divisible into three interrelated research questions, which are respectively intellectual, technical, and social in nature.Intellectually, I trace fluctuation and contest in the conceptualisation of 'sex' in medical-scientific thought from the late-1920s to the early-1960s. Drawing on the well-established British historiographies of sexology, psychiatry, psychology, and popular science, I examine expert and patient discourses to consider how trans life was differently apprehended and expressed within the 'shifting diagnostic matrix' of 'hermaphroditism,' homosexuality, and 'intersexuality' that dominated before transsexuality. Technically, I am interested in how changes in research, technology, and clinical practice permitted forms of bodily augmentation classifiable as 'medical transition.' I first examine how biochemical and biomedical research and clinical endocrinology facilitated hormonal therapies from the late-1920s. Turning to urogenital surgery, I examine the forms of 'masculinisation' or 'feminisation' possible within reconstructive and urological plastics from the 1930s. Socially, I study how actors developed and engaged theory and technology in the clinic and beyond. How did interactions between patients and practitioners shape the form and accessibility of transition? Latterly, I examine how the state engaged with medical transition in the post-NHS period, to query what, if any, pre-transsexual patient-citizenship existed within public medicine.Practice is the object and heuristic uniting these three modes of investigation. Though I draw on the methodologies and engage the historiographies of British intellectual, technical, social, cultural, and subjective history, the bent of my research is primarily praxiographic. After Mol and Mak, I consider medical-scientific 'practice' as an assemblage of agents, objects, networks and procedures. Practice thus encompasses, creates, whole worlds. These worlds become implicated in the historical genealogies that their various elements materialise through. Practice allows us to pursue varied lines of investigation by opening up the intellectual, technological, disciplinary, and social histories that converge in laboratories and clinics.My research endeavours to think expansively about medical transition and related medical-scientific practices in an effort to adequately historicise both British transsexuality and the medico-legal architecture that developed therefrom in the later twentieth-century. In so doing, I trace the 'roads not taken' as much as the path to the present.

英国目前的性别认同医疗体系通常被认为起源于1966年查令·克罗斯的性别认同诊所，在那里，精神病学家约翰·兰德尔(John Randell)开始用美国性学家哈里·本杰明(Harry Benjamin)开出的“变性之父”开出的内分泌和外科“变性手术”处方来治疗“变性人”。自本世纪中叶以来，变性人医学一直主导着我们对变性人生活和医学转型的看法；对变性人行为进行历史化是为了追溯它在20世纪医学中不可避免的出现。沿着美国历史学家吉尔-彼得森、Aizura和Amin开辟的道路，我对20世纪的英国科学和医学进行了一段“变性人前”的历史。我问：英国人的变性是通过什么理论、技术和实践表达出来的？这项调查可以分为三个相互关联的研究问题，分别是智力、技术和社会性质的。从智力上讲，我追踪了从20世纪20年代末到60年代初，医学科学思想中性的概念的波动和竞争。借鉴英国久负盛名的性学、精神病学、心理学和科普史学，我研究了专家和患者的话语，以思考在变性人之前主导的、不断变化的诊断矩阵中，跨性别者生活是如何被不同地理解和表达的。从技术上讲，我感兴趣的是，研究、技术和临床实践的变化如何允许将身体增强的形式归类为“医学转型”。我首先考察了自20世纪20年代末以来，生化和生物医学研究和临床内分泌学是如何促进激素治疗的。转向泌尿生殖外科，我研究了20世纪30年代以来重建和泌尿外科整形手术中可能出现的“男性化”或“女性化”形式。在社交方面，我研究演员如何在临床和其他领域发展和运用理论和技术。患者和从业者之间的互动如何塑造过渡的形式和可及性？最近，我研究了国家如何在后NHS时期进行医疗转型，以质疑公共医疗中是否存在变性人前的患者公民身份。实践是将这三种调查模式结合在一起的对象和启发式方法。虽然我借鉴了英国知识分子、技术、社会、文化和主观历史的方法论，并从事史学研究，但我的研究主要是实践学。在莫尔和麦晋桁之后，我认为医学上的“实践”是代理人、对象、网络和程序的集合。因此，实践包含、创造了整个世界。这些世界被牵连到历史谱系中，它们的各种元素通过这些谱系实现。实践允许我们通过开放在实验室和临床汇聚的智力、技术、学科和社会历史来追求不同的调查路线。我的研究努力开阔地思考医学转型和相关的医学-科学实践，努力充分地记录英国的变性人和在20世纪后期由此发展起来的医学-法律架构。在这样做的过程中，我既追寻着通向当下的道路，也追寻着那些未被选择的道路。