Two diseases, one brain: The effects of cardiovascular disease on the speed, progression and severity of Alzheimer's Disease

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By 2025, in the UK alone, over 1 million people are expected to be living with dementia, for which there is currently no effective treatment. The most common dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Growing evidence suggests that early in Alzheimer's disease brain blood flow is reduced and neurovascular coupling - which regulates the supply of oxygen and glucose to active brain regions - is dysfunctional. This neurovascular breakdown has been suggested to lead to neuronal death and cognitive deficits.Contrary to existing literature, we recently demonstrated that neurovascular coupling was largely unaltered at key timepoints in disease development in a mild preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease. In this mild model, therefore, neurovascular deficits may be more subtle than predicted.In human Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular dysfunction often occur together but are treated separately. However, a compromised peripheral vascular physiology may have modifying effects on central neurovascular function. In this project, we will combine pre-clinical models of Alzheimer's disease with a novel model of atherosclerosis (ATH) to understand how cardiovascular disease affects cerebrovascular health. The findings will increase our knowledge of how neurovascular dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative conditions and how cardiovascular disease might affect the progression of Alzheimer's disease.To investigate which cellular changes in the neurovascular unit contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology throughout the lifecourse in preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease with and without ATH, we will employ high-resolution 2-photon imaging to measure cellular calcium and cerebral blood flow. Understanding which cells of the neurovascular unit are failing in novel mixed models of Alzheimer's disease and ATH will potentially lead to new therapeutic targets in humans. To assess Alzheimer's disease progression, and how it is impacted by ATH, cognitive function will be assessed with behavioural testing and immunohistochemical approaches will further elucidate pathology underlying any observed neurovascular dysfunction. During the PhD you will also be trained in the advanced computational (e.g. MATLAB) and statistical skills necessary for data analysis.This project will further our understanding of how, and when, neurovascular dysfunction contributes to Alzheimer's disease progression and combine preclinical models of Alzheimer's disease with a novel model of ATH to study how cardiovascular disease might affect Alzheimer's disease progression.