A New Legal Infrastructure for Smart Cities: Lessons from Phoenix, Boston and Pittsburgh.

上下文“智能城市”一词指的是将技术整合到城市空间中，以收集数据以应对经济、社会和环境挑战(Vito Albino等人，2015年)。美国的智能城市倡议带来了法律问题，包括：侵犯隐私权(美国诉琼斯案(U.S.v.Jones，2012))，扼杀居民的声音(Frug and Barron，2008)，以及限制公民参与决策(Lefebvre，1968)。城市的创新应对措施包括：波士顿通过与Verizon达成协议收集数据的“智能街道”计划；凤凰城的“智能区域”(“连接”)，连接22个城镇；匹兹堡的开放数据立法(2014)，确定和批准数据集以供发布。以这些城市为例，由于它们独特的反应，该项目将调查智能城市发展在多大程度上受到其运营所在的法律基础设施的限制。这将是智慧城市背景下的第一次系统的法律分析，研究结果与美国各地的倡议相关，英国也有类似的努力。研究问题--在智慧城市的背景下，凤凰城、波士顿和匹兹堡的智慧城市倡议面临哪些法律障碍？这些城市采取了哪些法律战略来应对这些挑战？-这种分析如何为美国和其他地区未来的智慧城市倡议提供信息？方法论这是一项理论研究，通过参考Lefebvre关于城市权利的工作(如上图)并从法律上对自己进行定位。A)隐私权的马赛克理论(SCOTUS)，该理论假定，当多条本身不具侵入性的公共信息组合在一起披露私人信息时，可能会出现隐私损害(Woo，2021年)和B)，一般参考比较法研究的限制(Hirschl，2014)。方法(S)：-使用WestLaw和其他法律数据库收集数据，以确定相关的宪法和州判例、立法、立法框架和法律挑战。-在凤凰城创建常见法律问题的类型学和相关的应对策略，匹兹堡和波士顿。-分析已确定的州的法理学发展，并考虑州法理学对美国宪法第四修正案法理学发展的影响程度。-分析和考虑研究结果在多大程度上具有超越其直接背景的潜在应用。该项目的潜在影响(S)：2023年全球支出将翻一番，达到1890亿美元(国会研究服务处，2019年)。这些倡议提出了法律挑战，对个人权利产生了影响，必须以法律健全的方式加以解决。美国城市的经验将与包括西米德兰兹郡智慧城市区域计划在内的所有“智慧城市”倡议相关。目前关于法律和“智慧城市”的知识匮乏(Decker，2014)，目前的研究集中在选定的问题上，即环境和可持续性(Giuffrida，2021)；不平等、数据和隐私影响(Lawler，2019)；以及一般观点(Woo，2017)。该项目首次系统地分析了与智能城市相关的法律结构、问题和发展，这将有助于并扩大这一学术研究。

ContextThe term 'smart city' refers to the integration of technology within urban spaces to collect data to address economic, social, and environmental challenges (Vito Albino et al., 2015). US smart city initiatives have presented legal problems including: infringement of privacy rights (U.S. v. Jones (2012)), stifling the voice of residents (Frug and Barron, 2008), and limiting citizen participation in decisionmaking (Lefebvre, 1968). Cities innovative responses include: Boston's "Smart Street" program to collect data through an agreement with Verizon; Phoenix's 'smart region' ("the Connective"), connecting 22 cities and towns; and Pittsburgh's Open Data Legislation (2014), with a process for identifying and approving datasets for publication. Using these cities as examples due to their unique responses, this project will investigate the extent that smart cities development is limited by the legal infrastructureswithin which they operate. It will be the first systematic legal analysis in a smart city context, with findings relevant to initiatives across the US, and comparable efforts in the UK.Research Questions- In the context of smart cities, what legal hurdles have the 'smart city' initiatives of Phoenix, Boston, and Pittsburgh faced?- What legal strategies have these cities adopted to respond to these challenges?- How can this analysis inform future smart city initiatives in the US and beyond?MethodologyThis is a piece of doctrinal research that positions itself politically by reference to Lefebvre's work on the right to the city (above) and jurisprudentially, by reference to A) the mosaic theory of privacy (SCOTUS) which posits that privacy harms may arise when multiple pieces of public information, which by themselves are not invasive, combine to reveal private information (Woo, 2021) and B) generally by reference to the constraints of comparative legal research (Hirschl, 2014).Method(s):- Collection of data using Westlaw and other legal databases to identify the relevant constitutional and state caselaw, legislation, legislative frameworks and legal challenges.- Creation of typology of common legal problems and related strategies of response in Phoenix, Pittsburgh and Boston.- Analysis of the development of jurisprudence in the identified states and consideration of the extent to which state jurisprudence has influenced the development of US Constitution Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.- Analysis and consideration of the extent to which findings have potential application beyond their immediate context.Potential impact(s) of the project:Globally spending will double to $189 billion in 2023 (Congressional Research Service, 2019). These initiatives present legal challenges with consequences for individual rights which must be tackled in a legally sound way. The experience of US cities will be of relevance to all 'smart city' initiatives, including the West Midlands Smart City Region Programme. There is currently a dearth of knowledge about the law and 'smart cities' (Decker, 2014), with currentresearch focusing on selected issues, namely the environment and sustainability (Giuffrida, 2021); inequality, data and privacy implications (Lawlor, 2019); and general perspectives (Woo, 2017). This project's first systematic legal analysis of legal structures, issues and developments relating to 'smart cities' will contribute to and extend this scholarship.