A New Legal Infrastructure for Smart Cities: Lessons from Phoenix, Boston and Pittsburgh.

智慧城市的新法律基础设施：菲尼克斯、波士顿和匹兹堡的经验教训。

• 批准号: 2879248
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Birmingham City University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2023
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2023 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2879248
• 关键词: New; Legal; Infrastructure; Smart; Cities

ContextThe term 'smart city' refers to the integration of technology within urban spaces to collect data to address economic, social, and environmental challenges (Vito Albino et al., 2015). US smart city initiatives have presented legal problems including: infringement of privacy rights (U.S. v. Jones (2012)), stifling the voice of residents (Frug and Barron, 2008), and limiting citizen participation in decisionmaking (Lefebvre, 1968). Cities innovative responses include: Boston's "Smart Street" program to collect data through an agreement with Verizon; Phoenix's 'smart region' ("the Connective"), connecting 22 cities and towns; and Pittsburgh's Open Data Legislation (2014), with a process for identifying and approving datasets for publication. Using these cities as examples due to their unique responses, this project will investigate the extent that smart cities development is limited by the legal infrastructureswithin which they operate. It will be the first systematic legal analysis in a smart city context, with findings relevant to initiatives across the US, and comparable efforts in the UK.Research Questions- In the context of smart cities, what legal hurdles have the 'smart city' initiatives of Phoenix, Boston, and Pittsburgh faced?- What legal strategies have these cities adopted to respond to these challenges?- How can this analysis inform future smart city initiatives in the US and beyond?MethodologyThis is a piece of doctrinal research that positions itself politically by reference to Lefebvre's work on the right to the city (above) and jurisprudentially, by reference to A) the mosaic theory of privacy (SCOTUS) which posits that privacy harms may arise when multiple pieces of public information, which by themselves are not invasive, combine to reveal private information (Woo, 2021) and B) generally by reference to the constraints of comparative legal research (Hirschl, 2014).Method(s):- Collection of data using Westlaw and other legal databases to identify the relevant constitutional and state caselaw, legislation, legislative frameworks and legal challenges.- Creation of typology of common legal problems and related strategies of response in Phoenix, Pittsburgh and Boston.- Analysis of the development of jurisprudence in the identified states and consideration of the extent to which state jurisprudence has influenced the development of US Constitution Fourth Amendment jurisprudence.- Analysis and consideration of the extent to which findings have potential application beyond their immediate context.Potential impact(s) of the project:Globally spending will double to $189 billion in 2023 (Congressional Research Service, 2019). These initiatives present legal challenges with consequences for individual rights which must be tackled in a legally sound way. The experience of US cities will be of relevance to all 'smart city' initiatives, including the West Midlands Smart City Region Programme. There is currently a dearth of knowledge about the law and 'smart cities' (Decker, 2014), with currentresearch focusing on selected issues, namely the environment and sustainability (Giuffrida, 2021); inequality, data and privacy implications (Lawlor, 2019); and general perspectives (Woo, 2017). This project's first systematic legal analysis of legal structures, issues and developments relating to 'smart cities' will contribute to and extend this scholarship.

“智慧城市”一词是指在城市空间内整合技术，收集数据，以应对经济、社会和环境挑战（Vito白化病等人，2015年）。美国智慧城市倡议提出了法律的问题，包括：侵犯隐私权（美国诉琼斯案（2012年）），扼杀居民的声音（Frug和巴伦，2008年），限制公民参与决策（列费夫尔，1968年）。城市的创新应对措施包括：波士顿的“智能街道”计划，通过与Verizon的协议收集数据;凤凰城的“智能区域”（“连接”），连接22个城市和城镇;匹兹堡的开放数据立法（2014年），确定和批准数据集以供发布。以这些城市为例，由于其独特的反应，本项目将调查智慧城市发展受到其运行的法律的基础设施限制的程度。这将是第一次在智慧城市背景下进行系统的法律的分析，其研究结果与美国各地的举措有关，并与英国的类似努力有关。研究问题-在智慧城市背景下，凤凰城、波士顿和匹兹堡的“智慧城市”举措面临哪些法律的障碍？-这些城市采取了哪些法律的策略来应对这些挑战？这一分析如何为美国及其他地区未来的智慧城市计划提供信息？方法论这是一项理论研究，在政治上参考了列费夫尔关于城市权的著作（见上），在法理上参考了A）隐私马赛克理论（SCOTUS），该理论认为，当多条公共信息（本身并不具有侵犯性）结合起来揭示私人信息时，可能会出现隐私损害，而这些信息本身并不具有侵犯性，但联合收割机却揭示了私人信息（Woo，2021）和B）一般通过参考比较法律的研究的限制（Hirschl，2014）。方法：-使用Westlaw和其他法律的数据库收集数据，以确定相关的宪法和州判例法，立法，立法框架和法律的挑战。-创建共同的法律的问题和相关的应对策略在凤凰城，匹兹堡和波士顿的类型学。在确定的国家和考虑在何种程度上影响了美国宪法第四修正案判例的发展判例的发展分析。项目的潜在影响：到2023年，全球支出将翻一番，达到1890亿美元（美国国会研究服务部，2019年）。这些举措提出了法律的挑战，对个人权利产生了影响，必须以合法的方式加以解决。美国城市的经验将与所有“智慧城市”倡议相关，包括西米德兰兹郡智慧城市地区计划。目前缺乏关于法律和“智慧城市”的知识（德克尔，2014），目前的研究集中在选定的问题上，即环境和可持续性（Giuffrida，2021）;不平等，数据和隐私影响（Lawlor，2019）;和一般观点（Woo，2017）。该项目首次对与“智慧城市”有关的法律的结构、问题和发展进行系统的法律的分析，将有助于并扩大这一奖学金。