A Feminist Examination of the Applications of the Law on Non-Consensual Pornography to Nudifying Tools: a Comparative Socio-Legal Analysis

本研究的目的是采用比较和女权主义的方法来分析和理解将未经同意的色情定为犯罪的法律在多大程度上足以防止通过使用人工智能驱动的裸体工具而使妇女受害。这项研究的目的是考虑，使用女权主义的镜头和比较法律分析，法律是如何做好准备，以防止妇女成为这种技术驱动的色情滥用的受害者，并反思是否或如何法律改革可以解决这一新的风险妇女。目前在加拿大，根据《刑法》第162.1条，未经同意的色情作品被定为犯罪。然而，目前尚不清楚法院是否会将“亲密形象”的定义扩展到通过深度伪造色情或裸体工具人为创造的那些，因为在撰写本文时，法院还没有处理过关于深度伪造色情主题的案件。然而，英国目前正在通过制定在线安全法案（2022年），将分享深度虚假色情内容（包括使用裸体工具创建的图像）列为犯罪行为，该法案目前正在英国议会审议中。澳大利亚在执行一项禁止未经同意的色情制品的法律方面也相对缓慢。正如Sepec & Lango（2020）所指出的那样，许多欧洲国家禁止传播未经同意的色情内容，但使用隐私的概念来这样做。这些作者认为，鉴于图像必须如何获得的要求（例如，当受害者在私人场所，如公寓，远离公众视线时），许多民法管辖区针对非自愿色情的法律在处理深度虚假色情方面是不够的。事实上，许多针对非自愿性色情作品的法律都过于具体，无法充分适用于深度伪造色情作品，因为一个悬而未决的问题是，使用另一个人的身体来制作深度伪造的受害者色情作品，是否侵犯了受害者的隐私。因此，在审查普通法司法管辖区时的选择是由于通常必须由判例法处理的灵活性，以及审查适用于普通法司法管辖区的认证工具的法律的新颖性。此外，普通法法院在解释和适用有关报复性色情制品的现行法律方面的能力，提高了普通法司法管辖区能够更快地适应使用裸体工具的可能性。特别是，关注英国《网络安全法案》颁布后这一领域的发展将是一件有趣的事情。通过观察立法，它的缺点和法律在软件开发者强大利益背景下如何在实践中应用的潜力，本项目将研究如何统一法律改革和执法的方法来更好地防止这种新的和阴险的色情滥用。所有参与者将自愿参与并给予知情同意，并可自由退出项目。预计在项目期间，所有数据都将匿名并以加密格式存储在埃克塞特大学OneDrive上。通过将项目的这些要素结合在一起，本研究将从女性受害者的角度出发，在人工智能发展的背景下，检查普通法管辖区非自愿色情法律的适当性，从而提出必要的改革，以保护女性免受进一步的网络虐待。

The object of this research is to take a comparative and feminist approach to analyse and understand the extent to which the laws criminalizing non-consensual pornography are sufficient to prevent the victimization of women through the use of AI-driven nudifying tools. The aim of this research would be to consider, using a feminist lens and a comparative legal analysis, how well equipped the law is to prevent women becoming victims of such technology-driven pornographic abuse and reflect on whether or how legal reform could address this new risk to women.Presently in Canada, non-consensual pornography is criminalized under section 162.1 of the Criminal Code. However, it is currently unknown whether the courts would extend the definition of "intimate image" to those artificially created through deepfake pornography or nudifying tools, given that, at the time of writing, there has not been a case dealt with by the courts on the topic of deepfake pornography. However, the United Kingdom is presently on track to include the sharing of deepfake pornography (which includes images created with the use of nudifying tools) as an offence through enacting the Online Safety Bill (2022), currently making its way through the British Parliament. Australia was also relatively slow in implementing a law against non-consensual pornography.A number of European countries, as noted by Sepec & Lango (2020), have prohibited the dissemination of non-consensual pornography, but use the concept of privacy to do so. These authors argue that laws against non-consensual pornography in many civil law jurisdictions are insufficient in dealing with deepfake pornography given the requirement of how the image must be obtained (e.g., when the victim is in a private location, like an apartment, away from public view). Indeed, many of the laws against non-consensual pornography are too specific to be adequately applied to deepfake pornography given the lingering question of whether using the body of a different person in the creation of deepfake pornography of the victim is a violation of the victim's privacy. Therefore, the choice in examining common law jurisdictions is due to the flexibility often created that must be dealt with by case law, and the novelty in examining the laws applicable to nudifying tools in common law jurisdictions. Additionally, the ability of the common law courts in interpreting and applying existing laws on revenge pornography raises the possibility that common law jurisdictions may be able to adapt more rapidly to the use of nudifying tools. In particular, it will be interesting to follow developments in this area after the enactment of the UK's Online Safety Bill.By looking at both the legislation, its shortcomings and potential of how the law is applied in practice in the context of the powerful interests of software developers, this project will look at how a unified approach to law reform and enforcement could better prevent this new and insidious pornographic abuse.All participants will participate voluntarily and give informed consent and be free to withdraw from the project. It is anticipated that all data will be anonymised and stored in encrypted format on the University of Exeter OneDrive for the duration of the project.By bringing these elements of the project together this research will examine the adequacy of non-consensual pornography laws in common law jurisdictions in the context of AI developments and from the perspective of female victims in order to propose the necessary reform to protect women from further online abuse.