Alie'Nation': Examining the links between (Cr)immigration controls of non-UK nationals experiencing homelessness and Modern Slavery within Greater Man

2022年4月，《国籍和边境法》成为法律。它遭到了愤怒，许多人称之为反奴隶制工作的巨大倒退（Crosby-Medlicott，2022）。从本质上讲，现代奴隶制（MS）被视为一个移民问题，将受害者置于不稳定和创伤的境地，驱逐出境的威胁笼罩着那些站出来作为受害者的人。由于制作“创伤证明”的最后期限受到压力，并且由于犯罪历史而无法获得支持（Crosby-Medlicott，2022年），该法案使幸存者重新受到伤害，并增加了许多其他人遭受剥削和剥削的脆弱性。该项目旨在探索大曼彻斯特（GM）内移民法，驱逐和剥削之间的显式和隐式联系，以边境犯罪学为理论框架。这项研究将继续在2021年完成的工作，我的PGT论文，研究如何犯罪化和无家可归的移民的重新安置有助于增加剥削的脆弱性。这是在一个不确定的时期进行的-新冠肺炎大流行占据了头条新闻，当时的内政大臣Priti Patel提出了一项极具争议的移民计划（Morgan，2022），英国脱欧后的政策仍然未知。同样，这篇论文也是在国内和全球政治、社会和经济不稳定的背景下提出的。上述问题对福利、医疗保健和移民制度产生了长期影响。此外，俄罗斯入侵乌克兰，使欧洲各地成千上万的人流离失所，生活成本不断上升，以及那些暂时安置在内政部设施中的人的待遇（泰勒，2022），都表明了英国目前局势的复杂性，因此有必要进一步研究这一领域。这一背景为继续2021年开始的研究提供了一个机会，增加了社会触发因素，这将有助于进一步分析移民、贫困和剥削之间的联系。

In April 2022, the Nationality and Borders Act became law. It was met with outrage, with many calling it a huge step backwards for anti-slavery work (Crosby-Medlicott, 2022). In essence, Modern Slavery(MS) is being treated as an immigration issue, placing victims in precarious and traumatising situations, with the threat of deportation looming over those who come forward as victims. With pressured deadlines to produce 'proof of trauma' and blocked access to support due to criminal pasts (Crosby-Medlicott, 2022), this Act has revictimised survivors and increased the vulnerability to destitution and exploitation of many others. This project sets out to explore the explicit and implicit links between immigration laws, destitution, and exploitation within Greater Manchester (GM), using Border Criminology as a theoretical framework. This research will continue the work completed in 2021 for my PGT Dissertation, which studied how the criminalisation and victimisation of homeless migrants contributes to increasing vulnerabilities to exploitation. It was conducted during an uncertain time - the Covid-19 pandemic was dominating headlines, then Home Secretary, Priti Patel, had proposed a highly controversial immigration plan (Morgan, 2022), and post-Brexit policies were still unknown. In a similar vein, this2 thesis is set against a backdrop of political, social, and economic instability, domestically and globally. The aforementioned issues have had long term impacts on the welfare, healthcare, and immigration systems. In addition, Russia's invasion of Ukraine, displacing thousands of people across Europe, the rising cost of living, and the uncovered treatment of those temporarily accommodated in Home Office facilities (Taylor, 2022), have demonstrated the complexities of the current situation within the UK , and thus the necessity to research this area further. This context presents an opportunity to continue the research started in 2021 with added societal triggers which would assist further analysisinto the links between crimmigration, poverty, and exploitation.