Sex differences in immune senescence and responses to geroprotective drug treatments

老龄化是发达国家最大杀手的最大风险因素，与年龄有关的疾病的影响是社会最重要的挑战之一。免疫缺陷被认为是衰老的原因和结果。例如，炎症是对伤口和感染的基本反应，但当炎症被误导或慢性时，组织损伤就会随之而来，与年龄有关的疾病的发展就会加速。抵抗感染的能力也随着年龄的增长而下降，正如在最近的大流行期间所证明的那样。抗衰老或“老年保护”疗法正在开发中，其中许多针对免疫系统。免疫的性别差异、与年龄相关的免疫功能下降和寿命在人群和不同分类群中都可见(1)。支撑这些性别差异的机制尚不清楚，但将对针对这些过程的治疗产生深远的影响。我们已经证明，在针对营养感知途径的治疗反应中存在保守的性别差异，以维持肠道健康（2,3）。我们的下一个目标是了解先天免疫系统老化过程中的性别差异，以及对针对免疫组织的老年保护药物的反应。我们想了解男性和女性在维持免疫功能方面所做的不同投资，在分子、细胞和组织层面上哪些是失败的，哪些是可以挽救的。我们使用果蝇模型(4)来解决性别、先天免疫和衰老之间相互作用的复杂和关键问题。为此，我们使用了几种方法方法，包括；感染和寿命研究，体内显微镜，人口统计学分析，遗传学和转录组学。研究的细节可以量身定制，以适应申请人。将提供全面的培训，并将有充足的机会获得任何（或全部）的技能：感染生物学，病理生理学，果蝇功能遗传学，转录组学（包括单细胞测序），显微镜学，生物信息学和建模方法（与合作者）。

Ageing is the largest risk factor for the developed world's biggest killers, and the impact of age-related disease is one of society's foremost challenges. Defective immunity is implicated as both cause and effect of ageing. For example, inflammation is an essential response to wounding and infection, but when inflammation is misdirected, or chronic, tissues damage ensues and development of age-related disease is accelerated. The ability to resist infection also decreases with age, as has been demonstrated during the recent pandemic. Anti-ageing or 'geroprotective' treatments are under development, and many of these target the immune system.Sex differences in immunity, age-related decreases in immune function, and lifespan are seen in human populations and across taxa (1). The mechanisms underpinning these sex differences are not well-understood, yet will have a profound impact on treatments that target those processes. We have demonstrated conserved sex differences in responses to treatments that target nutrient sensing pathways to maintain intestinal health (2,3). Our next goal is to understand sex differences in ageing of the innate immune system and responses to geroprotective drugs that target immune tissues. We want to understand the different investments males and females make in maintaining immune function, what fails on a molecular, cellular and tissue scale, and what can be rescued. We use a Drosophila model (4) to tackle the complex and key issues of the reciprocal interactions of sex, innate immunity and ageing. To do this we use several methodological approaches, including; infection and lifespan studies, in vivo microscopy, demographic analyses, genetics and transcriptomics. The details of the study can be tailored to suit the applicant. Full training will be provided, and there will be ample opportunity to gain skills in any (or all) of: infection biology, pathophysiology, Drosophila functional genetics, transcriptomics (including single cell sequencing), microscopy, bioinformatics, and modelling approaches (with collaborators).