First to Fight: An ethnography of the far-right in Polish martial arts.

在过去的十年里，右翼激进主义在整个欧洲掀起了热潮。虽然政治学的分析主要集中在制度政治上，但很少关注导致所谓的“新法西斯主义”意识形态自下而上复制的亲密和日常做法。然而，我认为，正是这些位于公共和私人领域之间的空间，促成了整个欧洲年轻人的激进化。这项研究聚焦于波兰的案例研究，旨在调查武术健身房和体育比赛在重塑记忆话语和正常化反历史方面所起的作用，后者在青年社区的创建中发挥了关键作用。我的目的也是调查极右武术锦标赛背后的历史、意识形态和哲学，并参加更多制度性的体育活动，这些活动通常由地方政府机构与右翼协会和活动人士共同组织。这项研究的目的主要是通过收集数据的民族志方法，探索右翼意识形态--实践和意义--在波兰青年的日常生活中的表现、经历和使用。将这些发展联系在一起的是对研究的情感维度的特别关注，重点是“日常民族主义”(Knott 2015)，以及应用Joel Busher所说的“非人性化原则”(Busher 2021：270)来询问极端右翼团体。

The past decade has witnessed an upsurge of right-wing radicalization across Europe. While analyses drawing on Political Science has mostly focused on institutional politics, little attention has been devolved to the intimate and everyday practices that have contributed to the reproduction of so-called "neo-fascist" ideologies from below. Yet, I argue, are these very spaces, located in the interstices between public and private spheres, that contribute to the radicalization of youth across Europe.Focusing on the case study of Poland, this research aims to investigate the role played by martial arts gyms and sport competitions to recast memory discourses and normalise counter-histories that play a pivotal role in the creation of youth communities. My aim is also to investigate the history, ideologyand philosophy behind far-right martial arts tournaments, as well as participate in more institutional sports events, often organised by local government bodies alongside right-wing associations and activists. The objective of this research, informed mainly by ethnographic methods of data-gathering, is to explore the performances, experiences and uses of right-wing ideologies - practices and meanings - in the everyday lives of Polish youth. What links these developments is a particular attention on the emotional dimension of research, focus on "everyday nationalism" (Knott 2015) and the application of,what Joel Busher calls, the "non-dehumanization principle (Busher 2021: 270) to inquiring radical-right groups.