Rotten Rocks at the Heart of Black Smoker Systems

火山变形可以由与岩浆运动和演化有关的广泛过程引起。可检测的过程类型取决于测量方法的时间和空间分辨率。迄今为止，卫星雷达测量最常捕捉到的是与地震相关的过程，模态震源深度约为5 km（Ebmeier等人，2018年）。在火山管道附近进行的GPS或倾斜测量更有可能捕获与岩浆运输相关联的瞬态信号，但通常被建模并解释为浅层岩浆储层的膨胀或收缩（Hautmann等人，2009年）。最近，剪切应力已被确定为变形的另一个来源（Neuberg等人，2018; Marsden等人，2019），其中考虑了浅层地下管道系统中的岩浆流动。因此，变形模型现在可以描述深部储层加压和浅层岩浆上升之间的一系列过程。到目前为止，大多数模型将岩浆视为液体，其体积变化可以解释表面位移。在这个项目中，我们打算将联合收割机变形模型和岩浆流动模型结合起来，将三相流体流动（熔体、晶体、挥发物）、结晶加压（二次沸腾）、脱气和除气以及热边界层纳入岩浆过程模型（Marsden等人，2019年）。这些岩浆过程会影响不同深度的粘度范围，以及作用于储层深度和浅管道水平的压力范围，通过将浅层岩浆流和岩浆过程的建模与储层深度的变形模式相结合，该项目将对火山的各种循环行为获得新的见解。在多个空间尺度上具有有据可查的循环行为和变形的火山的例子包括西印度群岛蒙特塞拉特的苏弗里埃山和厄瓜多尔的通古拉瓦。.对于这两座火山，我们可以获得广泛的数据集，这些数据集将构成调查的数据库，但也将考虑地震活动性和岩石学数据等其他数据集。

Volcanic deformation can be caused by a broad range of processes related to the movement and evolution of magma.The type of processes detectable depends on the temporal and spatial resolution of the measurement method. Satellite radar measurements have so far most often captured reservoir-related processes, with a modal source depth of ~ 5km (Ebmeier et al., 2018). GPS or tilt measurements made near the volcanic conduit are more likely to capture transient signals associated with magma transport, but have been often modelled and interpreted as inflation or deflation of a shallow magma reservoir (Hautmann et al., 2009). More recently, shear stress has been identified as an additional source of deformation (Neuberg et al.2018; Marsden et al. 2019) which takes magma flow in shallow, silicic conduit systems into account. Hence, deformation models can now describe a range of processes between the pressurization of deep reservoirs and shallow magma ascent. So far, most models treat magma as a liquid, with a volume change that can account for surface displacements. In this project we intend to combine deformation models and magma flow models to incorporate three-phase fluid flow (melt, crystals, volatiles), pressurization through crystallization (second boiling), degassing and outgassing, and thermal boundary layers into models of magmatic processes (Marsden et al., 2019). These magmatic processes affect the possible range of viscosities at different depths, as well as the range of pressures that can act at reservoir depth and shallow conduit level.By combining the modelling of shallow magma flow and magmatic processes with the deformation patterns originating at reservoir depths , this project will gain new insights into the large variety of cyclic behaviours of silicic volcanoes. Examples of volcanoes with well-documented cyclic behaviour and deformation on multiple spatial scales include Soufriere Hills in Montserrat, West Indies and Tungurahua, Ecuador. . For both volcanoes we have access to extensive data sets which will form the data base for the investigation, but further data sets such as seismicity and petrological data will be taken into account as well.