An intellectual history of patriotism in the pan-African intellectual tradition, 1850-1925

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This thesis will explore the intellectual history of patriotism in the pan-African intellectual tradition, from circa 1850 to circa1925. It will expand on my masters research into the politics of language and knowledge in the thought of AlexanderCrummell and Edward Blyden to consider patriotism in the work of four key thinkers from four key geographies acrossthe pan-African world. Centring on the thought of minister and diplomat Alexander Crummell (1819-1898), educationaltheorist and diplomat Edward Blyden (1832-1912), lawyer and novelist Joseph Ephraim Casely Hayford (1866-1930),and anthropologist and politician Anténor Firmin (1850-1911), it will trace the idea across the intellectual and politicalgeographies created by these four "fathers" of Pan-Africanism. In particular, it will look at (1) how the idea of "love ofcountry" responded to the gains, losses, and compromises of various nationalist and internationalist projects, (2) howpatriotism shaped political strategy, (3) how thinkers integrated it into campaigns to secure political order or effectpolitical subversion, and (4) how thinkers grappled with the ethics of patriotism in the pursuit of their wider political aims.