The Records of Central Government Taxation in England and Wales: Clerical Taxes 1173 - 1664

英格兰和威尔士中央政府税收记录：1173 - 1664 年的文书税

• 批准号: AH/D503213/1
• 负责人: William Sheils
• 金额: $ 44.58万
• 依托单位: University of York
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2006 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FD503213%2F1
• 关键词: Records; Central; Government; Taxation; England

The records of clerical taxation in England and Wales have been poorly listed, inhibiting research into the social and economic history of this important sector of society, which accounted for about a third of the taxable wealth of the nation before 1540. The on-line relational database, accessible at http/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e179, will correct this gap are opened up by this which have hitherto been beyond the scope of the individual scholar, comparative studies of the social importance of the church at regional and diocesan level and longitudinal studies of regional ecclesiastical wealth straddling the significant changes of the 1530s and 1540sm, are but two. The workings of clerical taxation itself marks a crucial area tor the study of church state relations, and the changing effectiveness of the fiscal policy of the English Crown and State over c500 years. Findings thus far have already indicated that the post Reformation material has opened up significant research questions in this area, as the Royal Supremacy locked the Established Church into a close relation to the Crown and made it an increasingly important, and reliable, source of direct taxation. The pre Reformation records have revealed a huge range of regional and local diversity, throwing light on such questions as the effect of climate and warfare on local and regional pastoral provision, on the differing extent in which religious orders were deployed to support diocesan officials in carrying out these responsibilities, and on issues such as the importance of the financial support of the episcopate to the Lancastrian regime. The research agenda opened up by these records is extensive, and one recurrent theme from the period before 1540 is the central significance of the large numbers of unbeneficed clergy to the maintenance of spiritual and pastoral provision at diocesan level, with important differences over place and time being noted. These clergy have been little studied, and often escape the historical record elsewhere, but analysis of regional differences are crucial to our understanding of the social and economic power of the church before the Reformation, and to the political consequences which followed from that. The changing numbers of unbeneficed clergy over time also raises questions about professional opportunities, about lay support for local provision of clergy through guilds and chantries, and about the relationship between these clergy and their local communities which command attention, as do the more traditional questions of pluralism and non-residence which their presence can indicate. Exploration of these differences will be a major area of future research, greatly enhancing our understanding of the social role of church and clergy in English and Welsh society over the longe duree. The project has, in the course of its progress, found that the richness of the material, and the unexpected fullness of the post Reformation returns, has limited the ability of the researchers to fully complete the original proposal, and the decision was taken to concentrate on completing the listing of the returns for theProvince of Canterbury, which has been done. The project has therefore listed 6497 files {including those for the diocese {of Carlisle which formed part of a pilot study), leaving 747 files for the remaining Province of York, and 433 miscellaneous, often fragmentary, unidentified items unlisted. The researchers have therefore listed 85% of the surviving files. The project has not stood alone, and has co-operated with other related projects, The Clergy of the Church of England Database, the Taxation of Pope Nicholas II, and the Church Court records of the Province of York, in technical discussion of these database projects and in their academic context, concluding with a joint conference at the end of March 2009,

英格兰和威尔士的文书税收记录一直很差，阻碍了对这一重要社会部门的社会和经济历史的研究，1540年之前，这一部门占全国应纳税财富的三分之一左右。在线关系数据库，可在http/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/e179，将纠正这一差距是由这迄今已超出了个别学者的范围，教会的社会重要性在区域和教区一级的比较研究和区域教会财富跨越1530年代和1540 SM的重大变化的纵向研究，只是两个。文书税收本身的运作标志着一个关键领域的研究教会国家的关系，以及不断变化的有效性的财政政策的英国国王和国家在c500年。迄今为止的研究结果已经表明，宗教改革后的材料已经在这一领域开辟了重要的研究问题，因为皇家至高无上的地位将国教锁定在与王室的密切关系中，并使其成为越来越重要和可靠的直接税来源。宗教改革前的记录揭示了区域和地方的多样性，揭示了气候和战争对地方和区域牧灵供应的影响，宗教秩序被部署以支持教区官员履行这些职责的不同程度，以及主教团对兰开斯特政权的财政支持的重要性等问题。这些记录开启了广泛的研究议程，1540年之前的一个反复出现的主题是，大量未受圣职的神职人员对维持教区层面的精神和牧灵供应具有重要意义，并注意到不同地点和时间的重要差异。对这些神职人员的研究很少，而且往往在其他地方的历史记录中找不到，但对地区差异的分析对于我们理解宗教改革前教会的社会和经济权力以及由此产生的政治后果至关重要。随着时间的推移，非神职人员的数量不断变化，这也引起了一些问题，如职业机会、通过行会和教会为当地提供神职人员提供的世俗支持、这些神职人员与当地社区之间的关系等，这些问题值得关注，他们的存在所表明的多元化和非居住性等更传统的问题也值得关注。这些差异的探索将是未来研究的一个主要领域，大大提高了我们对教会和神职人员在英格兰和威尔士社会中的社会作用的理解。该项目在其进展过程中发现，材料的丰富性和宗教改革后回报的意外饱满性限制了研究人员完全完成原始提案的能力，并决定集中精力完成坎特伯雷省的回报清单，这已经完成。因此，该项目列出了6497份档案（包括卡莱尔教区的档案，这是试点研究的一部分），剩下的约克省的747份档案，以及433份杂项，通常是零碎的，未列出的不明物品。因此，研究人员列出了85%的幸存文件。该项目并不是孤立的，它与其他相关项目-英国教会神职人员数据库、教皇尼古拉二世的税收和约克省教会法庭记录-合作，对这些数据库项目进行技术讨论，并在其学术背景下开展工作，最后于2009年3月底举行了一次联合会议，