Contro il materialismo. Le 'due culture' in Italia: bilancio di un secolo (Against Materialism: The 'two cultures' debate in 20th century Italy)

《反物质主义》旨在对20世纪世纪意大利的所谓“两种文化”之争提供一个历史的概述，特别是在文学和哲学领域。这本书调查的程度，并解释了为什么意大利文化精英一直表现出对科学和技术的公开敌意，以及这如何影响了文学和艺术中的这些主题的代表性，以及意大利的一般文化和意识形态气候，在政治，教育和媒介层面的影响。它显示了意大利在20世纪世纪的快速现代化和工业化如何只产生了该国科学素养的边际增长，并且由于知识精英的特定文化，哲学和意识形态的形成（主要与各种形式的理想主义有关），科学和技术的接受并没有以讨论其潜在的解放，实用主义或教育价值为标志。相反，它们大多被认为是世界末日，或者简单地等同于资本主义扩张的工具。特别是，从阿蒂亚娜·廷帕纳罗在他的基本的“一个唯物主义”（1971年）中阐述的论文开始，这本书突出了左派知识分子和所谓的历史唯物主义之间模棱两可和矛盾的哲学关系，这在意大利主要是通过理想主义的透镜来理解和接受的，这导致人们对科学和技术在当代社会中的作用产生了根本性的误解，人们从消极的、最终是世界末日的角度看待科学和技术，因此，他们的观点与保守派的观点并没有太大的不同。在这一点上，这本书还试图定义一个可能的替代家谱唯物主义作家和思想家在意大利，质疑共同的批判马克思主义（Fortini-Pasolini-Volponi）并在Leopardi-Gadda-Levi中提出了一种非传统的范式，第一次从所谓的“1947年一代”的关键解经透镜中看到批评家和知识分子，如切萨雷Luporini和Timpanaro。这本书将结构按时间顺序开始与著名的克罗齐皮兰德罗论战交流在1904年和一般的反世纪头几十年的实证主义气候，然后考虑到科学在法西斯时期所起的矛盾作用和对现代化的一般文化影响的意识形态抵制，在二战后的第一个十年里，特别是在《II politecnico》和《Civilta delle machine》等期刊上，以及新一代的哲学家，如卢多维科·盖莫纳特、欧亨尼奥·加林、朱利奥·普雷蒂和恩佐·帕西。特别注意将致力于60年代，与意大利翻译的C. P.斯诺的“两种文化”在1962年（其中涉及作家，如埃利奥Vittorini，Preti和ltalo Calcillo）引发的重要讨论，以及文学批评领域内的结构主义的接收。章节也将致力于科幻小说在意大利作为文学体裁的贫民窟化，和作家谁“敢于”冒险进入科学主题的代表。它最后探讨了世纪的最后几十年，除了70年代末短暂的兴趣之外，这几十年的标志是文人进一步退出与科学的接触，以及后结构主义和解释学哲学的共同体（Vattimo，Severino，Galimberti）的主导地位，这加剧了在批判领域讨论科学的争论拒绝。

Contro il materialismo aims to provide a historical overview of the so-called "two cultures" debate in 20th century Italy, with special reference to the literary and philosophical fields. The book investigates the extent to which and explains the reasons why the Italian cultural elites have constantly shown an overt hostility towards science and technology and how this has affected both the representation of this subjects in literature and art, and the general Italian cultural and ideological climate, with repercussions at political, pedagogical, and mediatic level. It shows how the rapid modernization and industrialization of Italy in the 20th century produced only a marginal increase in the scientific literacy in the country, and because of the specific cultural, philosophical and ideological formation of the intellectual elites (mostly tied to various forms of idealism), the reception of science and technology was not marked by a discussion about their potentially emancipating, pragmatic or pedagogical values. Instead they were mostly perceived either in apocalyptic terms or were simply equated to the instruments of capitalistic expansion. In particular, starting with the thesis expounded by Sebastiana Timpanaro in his fundamental "One Materialism" (1971), the book highlights the equivocal and contradictory philosophical relationship between the leftist intellighenzia and the so-called historical materialism, which was understood and received in Italy mostly through an idealistic lens, and which produced a radical misunderstanding about the role of science and technology could play in contemporary societies, seen in a negative and ultimately apocalyptic light, sharing therefore a perspective which was not very dissimilar from the one espounded by more conservative forces. On this score, the book also attempts to define a possible alternative genealogy of materialist writers and thinkers in Italy, questioning the common critical Marxist (Fortini-Pasolini-Volponi) and proposing an unconventional paradigm in Leopardi-Gadda-Levi, the first seen from the critical exegetical lens of the so-called "1947 generation" of critics and intellectuals such as Cesare Luporini and Sebastiana Timpanaro.The book will be structured chronologically starting with the famous Croce-Pirandello polemical exchange in 1904 and the general anti-positivist climate of the first decades of the century, then considering the contradictory role played by science during the fascist period and the ideological resistance to the general cultural effects of modernization, and a more fortunate reception and discussion during the first decade of the post-WWII period particularly in journals such as "II politecnico" and "Civilta delle macchine", and by a new generation of philosophers such as Ludovico Geymonat, Eugenio Garin, Giulio Preti, and Enzo Paci. Particular attention will be devoted to the '60s, with the crucial discussions triggered by the Italian translation of C.P. Snow's "The Two Cultures" in 1962 (which engaged authors such as Elio Vittorini, Preti and ltalo Calvina), and the reception of structuralism within the literary critical field. Chapters will be also devoted to the ghettoization of science-fiction in Italy as literary genre, and to writers who 'dared' to venture into the representation of scientific subjects. It finally explores the last decades of the century which were marked, with the exception of a brief spell of interest in the late 70s, by a further retreat from engagement with the sciences on the part of the literati, and with the dominance of the post-structuralist and hermeneutic philosophical koine (Vattimo, Severino, Galimberti) which exacerbated the polemical refusal to discuss about science in the critical field.