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Natural law, human rights and women's rights: an investigation into the foundations and limitations of appeals to women's rights outside the law

自然法、人权和妇女权利：对法律之外呼吁妇女权利的基础和局限性的调查

基本信息

批准号：
AH/F002890/1
负责人：
Christina Beattie
金额：
$ 3.33万
依托单位：
University of Roehampton
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2008
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2008 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FF002890%2F1
关键词：
Natural law human rights women

项目摘要

Since the end of the Cold War, human rights language has become the dominant discursive framework within which issues of ethics, politics and international law are debated and contested. There is a widespread acceptance of the concept of universal human rights, even although this has paradoxically occurred at a time when postmodernism has called into questions all values and practices based on appeals to universal values or norms. Human rights theorists and practitioners continue to debate the extent to which the concept of human rights may be 'nonsense on stilts' (Jeremy Bentham), a pragmatic ethical system which abandons the quest for foundations in favour of 'sentimental education' designed to inculcate western democratic values into societies and individuals (Richard Rorty), or a concept which is implicitly dependent upon theological perspectives associated with natural law and divine justice (Michael Perry). This research project examines the natural law tradition and its relationship to human rights theory and law, with a particular emphasis on questions of women's rights. It argues that natural law theology and philosophy provide a resource for reflection on the relationship between law, rights, gender and justice, while affirming the affinity between humankind and the natural world in a way which has implications for environmental concerns and the understanding of nature.The project looks at historical concepts of natural law from their origins in ancient Greek thought, through the medieval scholastic tradition, to post-Enlightenment theories of natural rights and modern theories of human rights. It explores the problematic positioning of women before the law, using Antigone and the French revolutionary Olympe de Gouges as examples. By showing how these women appealed to a higher concept of justice based on divine law to challenge existing laws, it asks to what extent modern feminist theorists might discover a resource for thinking through issues of women's human rights in relation to law, society and nature. This entails considering the arguments of jurisprudence, including feminist jurisprudence, and the relationship between legal positivism and natural law. It also involves a critical evaluation of postmodern theorists who deny the significance of the material world on the one hand, and of natural law theorists who posit an essential and unchanging moral law based on an appeal to natural law on the other. This mutual criticism opens up an unexplored path which may lead to a holistic and coherent theory of human rights capable of accommodating woman as subject while also offering a positive re-evaluation of the relationship between nature and culture in the light of the environmental crisis.Although rooted in the Christian natural law tradition, the research seeks to demonstrate that a post-Christian society shaped by Christian values has much to gain from a critical reclamation of natural law and its capacity to inform concepts of the good life. However, if this is to take seriously the questions of women, the environment and social justice, then it must go beyond the arguments of Christian communitarians such as Alasdair MacIntyre, to offer a more radical and far-reaching reappraisal of the relationship between Christianity and secular culture, based on a revitalised doctrine of creation which affirms the significance of the material world, including the sexed human body, as a good creation capable of being orchestrated in a way that allows for the mutual and interdependent flourishing of human society and the natural world.This approach seeks to cultivate a dialogue in which secular and theological perspectives and arguments are invoked as resources for the development of a theory of women's rights capable of responding to the challenges of both secular and religious concepts of justice, gender and and equality before the law.

自冷战结束以来，人权语言已成为辩论和争论伦理、政治和国际法问题的主要话语框架。普遍人权的概念得到了广泛的接受，尽管这是在后现代主义质疑所有基于对普遍价值或规范的呼吁的价值观和做法的时候出现的，但这是自相矛盾的。人权理论家和实践者继续争论人权概念在多大程度上可能是“高跷上的废话”(杰里米·边沁)，一种实用的伦理体系，它放弃了对基础的追求，转而支持旨在向社会和个人灌输西方民主价值观的“情感教育”(理查德·罗蒂)，或者一个隐含地依赖于与自然法和神圣正义相关的神学观点的概念(迈克尔·佩里)。这项研究项目审查了自然法传统及其与人权理论和法律的关系，特别强调妇女权利问题。它认为，自然法神学和哲学为反思法律、权利、性别和正义之间的关系提供了资源，同时肯定了人类与自然世界之间的亲和力，这对环境问题和对自然的理解具有影响。该项目着眼于自然法的历史概念，从其起源于古希腊思想，到中世纪的学术传统，到后启蒙运动的自然权利理论和现代人权理论。它以安提戈涅和法国革命家奥林佩·德·古日为例，探讨了妇女在法律面前的有问题的地位。通过展示这些妇女如何诉诸基于神法的更高正义概念来挑战现有法律，它询问现代女权主义理论家可能在多大程度上发现一种资源，用于思考与法律、社会和自然有关的妇女人权问题。这需要考虑法学的论点，包括女权主义法学，以及法律实证主义和自然法之间的关系。它还涉及到对后现代理论家的批判性评价，他们一方面否认物质世界的重要性，另一方面也涉及对自然法理论家的批判性评价，他们基于对自然法的呼吁而假设了一条基本的、不变的道德法则。这种相互批评开辟了一条未知的道路，可能会导致一种完整而连贯的人权理论，能够容纳女性作为主体，同时也根据环境危机对自然和文化之间的关系进行积极的重新评估。尽管这项研究植根于基督教自然法传统，但这项研究试图证明，一个由基督教价值观塑造的后基督教社会，从对自然法的批判性重塑及其告知美好生活概念的能力中获益良多。然而，如果这是为了认真对待妇女、环境和社会正义的问题，那么它必须超越阿拉斯代尔·麦金太尔等基督教社群主义者的论点，以复兴的创世学说为基础，对基督教和世俗文化之间的关系进行更激进和更深远的重新评估，该学说肯定了物质世界的重要性，包括性别化的人体，作为一种良好的创造，它能够以一种允许人类社会和自然世界相互和相互依存的繁荣的方式进行协调。这一方法力求培养一种对话，在这种对话中援引世俗和神学的观点和论点，作为发展妇女权利理论的资源，能够应对世俗和宗教的正义、性别和宗教观念的挑战，以及法律面前的平等。