Individual. Parnet, and School-Level Protective Factors in Early Adolescence

描述（由申请人提供）：虽然在预防青少年暴力方面取得了重要进展，但迫切需要进一步开展工作，以提高当前预防工作的有效性。该项目的重点是早期康复，这是一个关键的过渡点，在此期间，青年遭受暴力和受害的风险增加。 目前的干预措施对这一年龄组的影响有限，这突出表明了澄清风险和保护的重要性。 与这些年轻人最相关的因素。 从发育上讲，青少年可能特别容易受到同龄人、同龄群体和学校有关暴力行为规范的影响。 这个项目的目标是研究的作用，可修改的保护因素代表的过程中，在个人，家长，同龄人群体，和学校的水平，有可能减少在学校和同龄人领域遇到的风险因素的影响。 这些信息可以为制定更有效的方案以减少与青春期有关的暴力升级的努力提供信息。 该项目旨在利用作为最近完成的多地点暴力预防项目的一部分收集的现有纵向数据集。在MVPP中，从多个来源获得了37所学校学生从六年级开始到八年级结束的多波风险和保护因素的数据。 访问一个数据集，抽样教师（N = 263）和两个队列的学生（N = 5,615）在大量的学校代表四个不同的网站提供了一个相对不寻常的机会，检查风险和保护因素的影响，在个人，同龄人，家长和学校的域在青少年早期的个人的暴力水平的变化。 以前的研究很少有足够大的或不同的学校样本，或收集的数据，提供所需的深度和范围来研究风险和保护因素之间的相互作用，在不同的影响水平，特别是那些涉及同龄人群体和学校一级的过程。 该项目的具体目标是：（1）确定与犯罪同伴、同伴群体规范和支持暴力的学校过程的联系在多大程度上增加了中学生的暴力风险;（2）确定个人信念（例如，反对暴力的信念，支持非暴力策略的信念），育儿变量（3）检验风险因素与保护因素之间关系的竞争模型;以及（4）确定这些影响在不同性别和种族的学校中的一致性，结构.

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Although important progress has been made in youth violence prevention, further work is urgently needed to improve the effectiveness of current prevention efforts. This project focuses on early adolescence-a crucial transition point during which youth are at increased risk for violence and victimization. The limited impact of current interventions for this age group underscores the importance of clarifying the risk and protective factors most relevant to these youth. Developmentally, early adolescents may be particularly susceptible to the influence of peers, and peer group and school norms related to violence. The goal of this project is to examine the role of modifiable protective factors representing processes at the individual, parent, peer group, and school level that have the potential to reduce the impact of risk factors encountered in the school and peer domains. This information could inform efforts to develop more effective programs to reduce the escalation of violence associated with adolescence. This project was designed to take advantage of an existing longitudinal data set collected as part of the recently completed Multi-site Violence Prevention Project (MVPP). Within the MVPP, data on risk and protective factors were obtained from multiple sources for students at 37 schools across multiple waves from the start of the sixth grade through the end of the eighth grade. Access to a data set that sampled teachers (N = 263) and two cohorts of students (N = 5,615) at a large number of schools representing four diverse sites provides a relatively unusual opportunity to examine the influence of risk and protective factors within the individual, peer, parent, and school domains on changes in individuals' level of violence during early adolescence. Few previous studies have sampled a sufficiently large or diverse sample of schools, or collected data that provided the depth and scope needed to examine the interaction between risk and protective factors at different levels of influence, particularly those that involve peer group and school-level processes. The specific aims of this project are to (1) Determine the extent to which association with delinquent peers, peer group norms, and school processes supporting violence increase risk for violence among middle school students; (2) Determine the protective effects of individual beliefs (e.g., beliefs against violence, beliefs supporting nonviolent strategies), parenting variables (parental support for nonviolent strategies, parental involvement and monitoring), and group norms for nonviolent strategies; (3) Test competing models of the relations among risk and protective factors; and (4) Determine the consistency of these effects across gender and ethnicity with the context of schools that differ in their ethnic compositions and structures.